Saturday, January 12, 2013

Check list for NBFC - Micro Finanance institution

Checklist for NBFCs, Non Banking Financial Company - Micro Finance Institutions (NBFC-MFIs), Non Banking Financial Company - Factoring Institutions (NBFC-Factors) and Core Investment Companies (CICs)


CIRCULAR DNBS.CC.PD.NO. 312/03.10.01/2012-13, DATED 7-12-2012

Please refer to the Application for seeking Certificate of Registration from the Reserve Bank and the list of documents mentioned therein that is required to be submitted. In order to expedite the process of obtaining registration from the Reserve Bank as NBFCs, the checklist of documents to be submitted along with the application form have been reviewed and made more exhaustive. As the businesses of the various types of NBFCs vary, the documentation required for registration will also vary. Hence the following may kindly be taken note of :

i. The Application Forms will remain the same for all NBFCs until changed in the online COSMOS Application, except in the case of CIC-ND-SIs where a separate application form has been prescribed.

ii. Five checklists have been uploaded in the RBI website, (a) documents required for registration as NBFCs (b) documents required for registration of NBFC-MFI - New Companies and (c) documents required for registration of NBFC-MFI (Existing NBFCs) (d) documents required for registration of NBFC - Factors and (e) documents required for registration as CIC-ND-SI.

iii. While converting from an already registered NBFC to that of NBFC-MFI or NBFC-Factors, for the present, the concerned NBFC need not fill out the Application Form as provided in the RBI Website. The Application for conversion may be made on company's letterhead accompanied by the original COR and all the documents as given in the checklist. The Bank will after scrutiny of the documents convert the status to NBFC-MFI or NBFC-Factors, as the case may be, by making a suitable remark on the Certificate of Registration. As stated above, this arrangement will be in place until the Application Form for NBFC-MFI and NBFC-Factors is changed in the COSMOS Online Application.

3. It is further advised that the Checklists mentioned are indicative and not exhaustive. Bank can, if necessary, call for any further documents to satisfy themselves on the eligibility for obtaining registration as NBFC. In the event of the Bank calling for further documents in addition to those mentioned in the checklist, the applicant company must respond within a stipulated time of one month failing which the application/request for conversion along with all the documents will be returned to the company for submission afresh with the required information/documents.

An indicative list of basic documents/information to be furnished along with the application. All documents/information is to be submitted in duplicate.



Sr. No Requirements to be complied with and documents to be submitted to RBI by Companies for obtaining certificate and Registration from RBI as NBFC Page no. in the file

1 Minimum NOF requirement Rs. 200 lakh.

2 Application to be submitted in two separate sets tied up properly in two separate files and properly page numbered.

3 Identification particulars (Annex I).

4 Statement on prudential norms (Annex II).

5 Information about the management (Annex III).

6 Details of change in the management of the company during last financial year till date if any and reasons thereof.

7 Certified copies of Certificate of Incorporation and Certificate of Commencement of Business in case of public limited companies.

8 Certified copies of up-to-date Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company.

9 Details of clauses in the memorandum relating to financial business.

10 Details of changes in the Memorandum and Articles of Association duly certified.

11 Copy of PAN/CIN alotted to the company.

12 Annex II to be submitted duly signed by the director/Authorized signatory and certified by the statutory auditors.

13 Annex III (directors' profile) to be separately filled up and signed by each director. Care should be taken to give details of bankers in respect of firms/companies/entities in which directors have substantial interest.

14 In case the directors are associated with or without substantial interest (indicate %of holding in each company firm) in other companies, indicate clearly the activity of the companies and details of their regulators if any.

15 Certificate from the respective NBFC/s where the Directors have gained NBFC experience.

16 Copy of PAN and DIN allotted to the Directors.

17 CIBIL Data pertaining to Directors of the company.

18 Financial Statements of the last 2 years of Unincorporated Bodies, if any, in the group where the directors may be holding directorship with/without substantial interest.

19 Certificate of compliance with section 45S of Chapter IIIC of the RBI Act, 1934 regarding unincorporated bodies with which director/s of the company are associated.

20 Whether any prohibitory order was issued in the past to the company or any other NBFC/RNBC with which the directors/promoters etc. were associated? If yes, details there of.

21 Whether the company or any of its directors was/is involved in any criminal case, including under section 138(1) of the Negotiable Instruments Act? If yes, details thereof.

22 Board Resolution specifically approving the submission of the application and its contents and authorising signatory.

23 Board Resolution to the effect that the company has not accepted any public deposit, in the past (specify period)/does not hold any public deposit as on the date and will not accept the same in future without the prior approval of Reserve Bank of India in writing.

24 Board resolution stating that the company is not carrying on any NBFC activity/stopped NBFC activity and will not carry on/commence the same before getting registration from RBI.

25 Certified copy of Board resolution for formulation of "Fair Practices Code"

26 Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that the company is/does not accept/is not holding Public Deposit.

27 Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that the company is not carrying on any NBFC activity.

28 Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying net owned fund as on date of the application.

29 Details of Authorised Share Capital and latest shareholding pattern of the company including the percentages. Documentary evidence for change in shareholding pattern, if undergone. If there are any NBFC corporate share holders, certificates from their statutory auditors regarding the adequacy of statutory NOF post investment. Also, provide details about the line of activity of other corporate stake holders.

30 Copy of Fixed Deposit receipt & bankers certificate of no lien indicating balances in support of NOF.

31 Details of infusion of capital if any during last financial year together with the copy of return of allotment filed with Registrar of Companies.

32 Details of the bank balances/bank accounts/complete postal address of the branch/bank, loan/credit facilities etc. availed.

33 Details of unsecured loans if any, raised by the company from others (including the directors) during the year and if these fall in the exempted category of Public deposits certified by the Auditor.

34 A certificate of Chartered Accountant regarding details of group/associate/subsidiary/holding/related companies is submitted.

('Companies in the group" have been exhaustively defined in para 3(1) b of Notification No. DNBS.(PD) 219/CGM (US)-2011 dated January 05, 2011 as an arrangement involving two or more entities related to each other through any of the following relationships, viz; subsidiary-parent (defined in terms of AS-21), Joint Venture (defined in terms of AS 27), Associate (defined in terms of AS 23), promoter-promotee (as provided in the SEBI-Acquisition of shares and takeover) Regulations, 1997) for listed companies, a related party (defined in terms of AS 18) Common brand name, and investment in equity shares of 20% and above.)

Details should include names of the company, its activity, whether it is an NBFC or have other regulators like SEBI/IRDA/FMC/NHB/Foreign Regulators. If they are unregulated give the details of their activities, principal banker's name, address, account no. Whether the names of these companies are appearing in the balance sheet of the applicant company. If not, indicate why they are not appearing. Whether overseas group companies were established under general permission route or under approval from appropriate authority if any. If there are other NBFCs in the group, justification of having another NBFC.

35 Brief background note on the activities of the company during the last three years and the reasons for applying for NBFC registration.

36 Whether the company has applied to RBI in the past for registration, if rejected, give full details. If not applied to RBI earlier, whether the company was doing NBFI activities without CoR. If yes, indicate reasons for same. Whether they have completely stopped NBFI activities now and whether that has been certified by their auditor. Also, submit a letter seeking to be condoned for violation of Sec 45 IA if the company had conducted NBFI business detailing the circumstances.

37 Last three years Audited balance sheet and Profit & Loss account along with directors & auditors report or for such shorter period as are available (for companies already in existence).

38 Business plan of the company for the next three years giving details of its (a) thrust of business; (b) market segment; and (c) projected balance sheets, Cash flow statement, asset/income pattern statement without any element of public deposits.

39 Source of the startup capital of the company substantiated with documentary evidence. Provide Self attested Bank Statement/IT returns etc.

40 Details of mergers and acquisition with/of other companies if any together with supporting documents.

41 Is the company engaged in any capital market activity? If so, whether there has been any non-compliance with SEBI Regulations? (Statement to be certified by Auditors).

42 Whether the company was granted any permission by FED to function as Full-fledged Money Changers? If so, copy of the RBI letter granting the permission.

43 If there is FDI in the company, its percentage (submit FIRC in support thereof) and whether it fulfills the minimum capitalization norms or not (also submit FC_GPRs).

(i) Has the FDI been brought in with FIPB approval (Copy of approval to be submitted)?

(ii) Is the foreign entity contributing the FDI subject to supervision in its home country (if yes, name, address and email id of the regulator).

(iii) If not, mention legal status, viz, statutes under which it was established, its statutory obligations, procedures under which it was established, whether listed on stock exchange etc.

(iv) The particulars of approval of Foreign Exchange Department (FED) if any obtained/copies of Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate in r/o Foreign Direct Investment if any, received by the applicant company are furnished.

(v) Activities undertaken, details of regulator of group/associate companies doing financial activities which are regulated either in the home country or elsewhere, if any.

(vi) If any group/associate company is operating in India, details such as its activities, its partners or associates, regulator/s etc. may be furnished.

44 Declaration by the company to own electronic infrastructure and its capability regarding electronic submission of data through the internet as and when required by Reserve Bank of India. Email id of the company should also be provided.

45 Are there are any incidents of non-compliance with the directions of Revenue Authorities or any other statutory authority by the applicant company, its holding company/subsidiaries, If yes, give particulars, else report "Nil"



Note: (1) The Above Checklist is indicative and not exhaustive. Bank can, if necessary, call for any further documents to satisfy themselves on the eligibility for obtaining registration as NBFC.

(2) In the event of the Bank calling for further documents in addition to those mentioned above, the applicant company is supposed to respond within a stipulated time of one month failing which the original CoR application may be returned to the company for resubmission afresh with the required information/documents.

Checklist for NBFC-MFI- New Companies

Name of the applicant Company :

Name of the Regional Office :

Items to be Checked Confirm Page No.

1 Is the Application of the Company duly stamped

2 Is the Application accompanied by the following :

a. Annexure I

Is the Annexure duly signed by the Board authorized Director of the Company under company's stamp?

Board Resolution to the effect that the company will be a member of at least one Credit Information Bureau/Company and will be a member of at least one SRO.

b. Annexure II duly certified by the Auditor.

Are the particulars/information furnished in Annexure II based on figures of latest annual audited balance sheet. (For companies incorporated after March 31 of the particular year in which the application is being made, information being furnished should be with reference to a date not earlier than 30 days of date of application.

c. Annexure III as additional information for each of the Directors

Are the DIN and PAN Nos indicated.

Has the CIBIL data for all the directors submitted if company is already member of Credit Information Bureau

If there are any foreign nationals as Directors, are the equivalent of PAN No issued by the authorities of the country of residence such as Social Security No., Passport No. and overseas bankers' report on them furnished?

Do the names and addresses on such documents tally with DIN allotment letter. If not, are the reasons for variation provided? Or are the claims of genuineness supported by a magistrate's certificate.

Are the current and past directorships held by the Directors and also the names and activities of the companies/firms where they are holding substantial interest (indicate percentage exceeding 10%) mentioned in each of the Annexure III.

Are the names of the regulators (RBI, SEBI, IRDA, PFRDA, NHB or any other foreign regulator) of the entities in which the Directors hold directorships mentioned? If yes, please provide the registration details.

Are the entities unregulated? If so what is the nature of their activities?

Financial Statements of Unincorporated Bodies, if any, in the group where the directors may be holding directorship with/without substantial interest of the last 2 years.

3 Are any of the companies indicated against Item No. 15 of Annexure III, an NBFC registered with the Reserve Bank, ?

If yes, please provide the registration details.

4 Has the applicant company changed its name earlier?

If yes are the earlier held names and dates of change together with the names of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman at the time of change of name furnished?

Has the applicant company furnished the reasoning for the change of name?

5 Details of change in the management of the company during last financial year till date if any and reasons thereof.

6 Has the applicant company ever defaulted in timely repayment of deposits and payment of interest?

If yes, have they provided a list of all such pending cases and the action taken in respect of each case?

7 Does the applicant company have any cases pending in any court including consumer forums?

If yes, have they provided a list of such pending cases, including those pertaining to its deposit acceptance activities, if any?

8 Are the certified and up-to date copy of the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association of the company submitted?

Details of changes in the Memorandum and Articles of Association duly certified.

Does the MOA of the applicant company have enabling clause/s for conducting MFI business by the company?

9 Has the applicant company, if a public limited company, provided a certified copy of Certificate of Incorporation (bearing the signature of the Registrar of Companies) with the initial name & fresh certificate of incorporation consequent upon change of name of the Company?

10 Has the applicant company provided a copy of the PAN/CIN Nos. allotted to the Company?

11 Has the company submitted certified copies of the audited Balance Sheet & Profit and Loss Account for the last three years?

If the company is incurring losses, are the steps to wipe out loss indicated?

12 Has the applicant company raised unsecured loans, including from the Directors during the year?

If yes, do these fall under the definition of public deposits as per Section 2(1)(xii) of the APD Directions, 1998?

13 Is the company engaged in any capital market activity? If so, whether there has been any non-compliance with SEBI Regulations? (Statement to be certified by Auditors).

14 What is the latest shareholding pattern of the company and what percentages do they comprise?

If there are any NBFC corporate share holders, have the certificates from their statutory auditors regarding the adequacy of statutory NOF of such NBFCs post investment been provided?

What is the line of activity of other corporate stake holders?

15 Does the applicant company hold FDI?

If yes, has the FDI been brought in with FIPB approval? (Copy of approval to be submitted).

What is the percentage holding?

Has the company submitted FIRC and FC-GPR in support thereof?

Does the company fulfill the minimum capitalization norms or not? (Statutory Auditor certificate to be submitted)

Is the foreign entity contributing the FDI subject to supervision in its home country?

If yes, what is the name, address and email id of the regulator?

If not, what is the legal status of the foreign investor? Under what statutes was it established? Is it a listed or an unlisted entity? Was any approval given by FED, RBI? If yes, a certified copy of the approval may be attached.

Activities undertaken, details of regulator of group/associate companies doing financial activities which are regulated either in the home country or elsewhere, if any.

If any group/associate company is operating in India, details such as its activities, its partners or associates, regulator/s etc. may be furnished.

16 Whether the company was granted any permission by FED to function as Full-fledged Money Changers? If so, copy of the RBI letter granting the permission.

17 Has the applicant company submitted a certified copy of Board Resolution approving the submission of application and its contents for COR as NBFC-MFI and also authorizing a Director to submit the application?

18 Has the applicant company submitted a certified copy of the Board Resolution that the company has not accepted any public deposits in the past/does not hold any public deposits as on date and will not accept the deposits in future without prior approval of the Bank?

19 Has the applicant company submitted a copy of the board resolution certifying fixing internal exposure limits to avoid any undesirable concentration in specific geographical locations?

20 Has the applicant company submitted a certified copy of the Board Resolution that the company will adhere to the other regulations regarding pricing of credit, Fair Practices in lending and non-coercive method of recovery as specified in DNBS.CC.PD.No.250/03.10.01/2011-12 dated December 2, 2011?

21 Has the applicant company submitted a certified copy of Board resolution stating the company is not licensed under Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956?

22 Does the Auditors Certificate certify the following :

(a) The company is not holding any public deposits as on date

(b) The company is not carrying on any NBFI activity as on date.

(c) The company's NOF is …

(d) As per the projected figures given in the business plan of the company will meet the qualifying asset criteria

23 Has the applicant company given a declaration to the effect that it is capable of electronic submission of Returns through the internet as and when required by Reserve Bank of India? Has the email of the company been provided?

24 Have all the Directors of the applicant company given a declaration individually that they are not associated with unincorporated bodies and that they are in compliance to the provisions of Section 45S of the RBI Act, 1934?

25 Is the Application accompanied by a certificate by a Chartered Accountant on the details including percentage shareholding of group/associate/subsidiary/holding/related companies.

('Companies in the group" have been exhaustively defined in para 3(1) b of Notification No. DNBS.(PD) 219/CGM (US)-2011 dated January 05, 2011 as an arrangement involving two or more entities related to each other through any of the following relationships, viz; subsidiary-parent (defined in terms of AS-21), Joint Venture (defined in terms of AS 27), Associate (defined in terms of AS 23), promoter-promotee (as provided in the SEBI-Acquisition of shares and takeover) Regulations, 1997) for listed companies, a related party (defined in terms of AS 18) Common brand name, and investment in equity shares of 20% and above.)

Do the details include names of the company, their activity, their regulators?

If they are unregulated, have the details of their activities, provided?

Are the names of the above companies/entities appearing in the balance sheet of the applicant company? If not, has the applicant company stated the reasons thereof?

Is there any group companies located overseas?

If yes, were these established under general permission route or under approval from appropriate authority?

Are there any NBFCs from among the group companies?

If so, the supervisory findings as observed in the last inspection conducted.

26 Are there any other NBFC-MFIs/pending NBFC-MFIs in the group?

If yes, has the applicant company provided any justification in having another NBFC-MFI within the Group?

27 Has the applicant Banker's report in r/o applicant company been furnished?

28 Has the company furnished the Bankers' Report in r/o companies in which the Directors of the applicant company have substantial interest as indicated against Items Nos. 14 & 15 of Annexure -III?

29 Has the company submitted Bankers' Reports in r/o group/subsidiary/holding companies if any, of the applicant company?

30 Has the company submitted overseas Bankers' Reports in r/o foreign directors, if any?

31 Has the applicant company submitted the Business Plan for the next three years giving details of its thrust of business, market segment & projected balance sheets, Cash flow statement, asset/income pattern statement without any element of public deposits.

32 The Projected business plan for 3 years must indicate the following as well(year wise):

i. Amount of loan assets to be originated

ii. Amount of loan assets to be extended for income generation

iii. Break up of amount of assets to be originated in rural areas and semi-urban and urban areas

iv. Activities the company intends to support in rural and semi-urban areas and urban areas

v. Projected profits

vi. Average cost of borrowings

vii. Average Return on Assets(ROA)

viii. Qualifying Assets is more than 85% of the Net Assets.

ix. Expected capital expenditure in

a. land and buildings and

b. IT resources

x. Locations where the company intends to operate

xi. Allocation of resources to training and skill development of SHGs/JLGs

33 Is the number of directorships held by the company in compliance with Sections 274 - 278 of the Companies Act? If not, give detailed reasons for the same.

34 Is the company or its Directors involved in any criminal case including Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act?

35 Has the company provided details of infusion of capital if any during last financial year together with the copy of return of allotment filed with Registrar of Companies?

36 What is the source of funds contributing to the initial capital of the applicant NBFC-MFI? Has the company produced documentary proof in this regard?

37 Are there are any incidents of non-compliance with the directions of Revenue Authorities or any other statutory authority by the applicant company, its holding company/subsidiaries, If yes, give particulars, else report "Nil"



Note: (1) The Above Checklist is indicative and not exhaustive. Bank can, if necessary, call for any further documents to satisfy themselves on the eligibility for obtaining registration as NBFC-MFI.

(2) In the event of the Bank calling for further documents in addition to those mentioned above, the applicant company is supposed to respond within a stipulated time of one month failing which the original CoR application may be returned to the company for resubmission afresh with the required information/documents.



Checklist for NBFC-MFI- Existing Companies

Name of the applicant Company :

Name of the Regional Office :

Items to be Checked Confirm Page No.

1 Is the Application of the Company duly stamped

2 Is the Application accompanied by the following :

a. Annexure I

Is the Annexure duly signed by the Board authorized Director of the Company under company's stamp?

Has the Documentary evidence on membership to at least one Credit Information Bureau/Company submitted?

Has the Board passed a resolution that the company will be associated with at least one Self Regulatory Organization (SRO)?

b. Annexure II duly certified by the Auditor.

Are the particulars/information furnished in Annexure II based on figures of latest annual audited balance sheet or a date not earlier than 30 days of date of application.

c. Annexure III as additional information for each of the Directors

Are the DIN and PAN Nos indicated.

Has the CIBIL data for all the directors been submitted?

If there are any foreign nationals as Directors, are the equivalent of PAN No issued by the authorities of the country of residence such as Social Security No., Passport No. and overseas bankers' report on them furnished?

Do the names and addresses on such documents tally with DIN allotment letter. If not, are the reasons for variation provided? Or are the claims of genuineness supported by a magistrate's certificate.

Are the current and past directorships held by the Directors and also the names and activities of the companies/firms where they are holding substantial interest (indicate percentage exceeding 10%) mentioned in each of the Annexure III.

Are the names of the regulators (RBI,SEBI,IRDA,PFRDA,NHB or any other foreign regulator) of the entities in which the Directors hold directorships mentioned? If yes, please provide the registration details.

Are the entities unregulated? If so what is the nature of their activities?

Financial Statements of Unincorporated Bodies,if any,in the group where the directors may be holding directorship with/without substantial interest of the last 2 years.

3 Are any of the companies indicated against Item No. 15 of Annexure III, an NBFC registered with the Reserve Bank,?

If yes, please provide the registration details.

4 Is the CoR granted to the company to function as an NBFC enclosed in original?

5 Has the applicant company changed its name earlier?

If yes are the earlier held names and dates of change together with the names of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman at the time of change of name furnished?

Has the applicant company furnished the reasoning for the change of name?

6 Details of change in the management of the company during last financial year till date if any and reasons thereof.

7 Has the applicant company ever defaulted in timely repayment of deposits and payment of interest?

If yes, have they provided a list of all such pending cases and the action taken in respect of each case?

8 Does the applicant company have any cases pending in any court including consumer forums?

If yes, have they provided a list of such pending cases, including those pertaining to its deposit acceptance activities, if any?

9 Are the certified and up-to date copy of the Memorandum of Association (MOA) and Articles of Association of the company submitted?

Details of changes in the Memorandum and Articles of Association duly certified.

Does the MOA of the applicant company have enabling clause/s for conducting MFI business by the company?

10 Has the applicant company, if a public limited company, provided a certified copy of Certificate of Incorporation (bearing the signature of the Registrar of Companies) with the initial name & fresh certificate of incorporation consequent upon change of name of the Company?

11 Has the applicant company provided a copy of the PAN/CIN Nos. allotted to the Company?

12 Has the company submitted certified copies of the audited Balance Sheet & Profit and Loss Account for the last three years?

If the company is incurring losses, are the steps to wipe out loss indicated?

13 Has the applicant company raised unsecured loans, including from the Directors during the year?

If yes, do these fall under the definition of public deposits as per Section 2(1)(xii) of the APD Directions, 1998?

14 Does the company fulfill the Qualifying asset criteria criteria for registration?

Are its qualifying assets (originated on or after January 1, 2012) not less than 85% of its net assets? (Board Resolution certifying the same is to be submitted)

(Qualifying assets and net assets have been defined in as specified in DNBS.CC.PD.No. 250/03.10.01/2011-12 dated December 2, 2011 and DNBS (PD) CC.No.300 /03.10.038/2012-13 dated August 3,2012 )

15 If the company does not qualify as a MFI and still proposes to become one, has it provided a time bound action plan for qualifying as one?

16 If the company does not meet the NOF requirement / minimum capital adequacy ratio as on the date of the last audited balance sheet has the applicant company provided a time bound action plan for compliance

17 Please provide details of the loan asset profile as on the date of application certified by the Statutory Auditor in the following format along with annexure II:

Category No. of accounts Amount outstanding

(1). Total Loans outstanding as on the date of application

(i) Of the item (1). above, loans sanctioned on or after January 01, 2012 for amounts of Rs. 15, 000 and below

(i.i) Of the item at i. above, loans for tenure exceeding 1 year:

(ii) On the item (1). above, Loans sanctioned on or after January 01, 2012 with amount exceeding Rs. 15,000/-

(ii.i) for loans at item ii. above, loans for tenure less than 24 months

(iii) Loans extended towards income generation

(iv) Loans where the annual income of the household is (iv.i) more than Rs. 60,000 (for rural areas) (iv.ii) more than Rs. 1,20,000 (for semi urban and urban areas)

(v) where the borrower has borrowed from more than 2 MFIs

(vi) where the borrower is member of more than 1 SHG/JLG

(vii) where the borrower has availed loans in individual capacity as also as member of SHG/JLG



18 Does the applicant company hold FDI?

If yes, has the FDI been brought in with FIPB approval? (Copy of approval to be submitted).

What is the percentage holding?

Has the company submitted FIRC and FC-GPR in support thereof?

Does the company fulfill the minimum capitalization norms or not? (Statutory Auditor certificate to be submitted)

Is the foreign entity contributing the FDI subject to supervision in its home country?

If yes, what is the name, address and email id of the regulator?

If not, what is the legal status of the foreign investor? Under what statutes was it established? Is it a listed or an unlisted entity? Was any approval given by FED, RBI? If yes, a certified copy of the approval may be attached.

Activities undertaken, details of regulator of group/associate companies doing financial activities which are regulated either in the home country or elsewhere, if any.

If any group/ associate company is operating in India, details such as its activities, its partners or associates, regulator/s etc. may be furnished.

19 Whether the company was granted any permission by FED to function as Full-fledged Money Changers? If so, copy of the RBI letter granting the permission.

20 Has the applicant company submitted a certified copy of Board Resolution approving the submission of application and its contents for COR as NBFC-MFI and also authorizing a Director to submit the application?

22 Has the applicant company submitted a certified copy of the Board Resolution that the company has not accepted any public deposits in the past/ does not hold any public deposits as on date and will not accept the deposits in future without prior approval of the Bank?

23 Has the applicant company submitted a copy of the board resolution certifying fixing internal exposure limits to avoid any undesirable concentration in specific geographical locations?

24 Has the applicant company submitted a certified copy of the Board Resolution that the company is adhering to the other regulations regarding pricing of credit, Fair Practices in lending and non-coercive method of recovery as specified in DNBS.CC.PD.No.250/03.10.01/2011-12 dated December 2, 2011?

25 Has the company provided Board Resolution certifying the following details in addition to Annex II?

A. Details of Average interest cost of borrowings of the NBFC-MFI as on March 31, 2011 and 2012.

B. Average interest charged by the NBFC-MFI on advances extended as on March 31, 2011 and 2012.

C. Of the total loans outstanding as on the date of application, Number and amount of loans outstanding in the state of Andhra Pradesh as on March 31, 2012 (if any)

D. Amount of provisions, if any, held against loans in the state of Andhra Pradesh as on March 31, 2012.

26 Does the Auditors Certificate certify the following :

(a) The company is not holding any public deposits as on date

(b) The company's NOF is .

(c) The company's asset size is .

(d) The company's qualifying assets (originated on or after January 1,2012) is … and its ratio to net assets is …which is not less that 85 %.

(e) The company's CRAR is ….

(f) The company's loan portfolio in the state of Andhra Pradesh is …..

(g) The company has adopted the asset classification and provisioning norms with effect from April 1, 2012 as specified in DNBS.CC.PD.No.250/03.10.01/2011-12 dated December 2, 2011.

(h) The company fulfills all conditions stipulated to be classified as an NBFC-MFI during the current financial year as specified in DNBS.CC.PD.No.250/03.10.01/2011-12 dated December 2, 2011.

27 Has the applicant company given a declaration to the effect that it is capable of electronic submission of Returns through the internet as and when required by Reserve Bank of India? Has the email of the company been provided?

28 Have all the Directors of the applicant company given a declaration individually that they are not associated with unincorporated bodies and that they are in compliance to the provisions of Section 45S of the RBI Act, 1934?

29 Is the Application accompanied by a certificate by a Chartered Accountant on the details including percentage shareholding of group/associate/ subsidiary/holding/related companies?

('Companies in the group" have been exhaustively defined in para 3(1) b of Notification No. DNBS.(PD) 219/CGM (US)-2011 dated January 05, 2011 as an arrangement involving two or more entities related to each other through any of the following relationships, viz; subsidiary-parent (defined in terms of AS-21), Joint Venture (defined in terms of AS 27), Associate (defined in terms of AS 23), promoter-promotee (as provided in the SEBI-Acquisition of shares and takeover) Regulations, 1997) for listed companies, a related party (defined in terms of AS 18) Common brand name, and investment in equity shares of 20% and above.)

Do the details include names of the company, their activity, their regulators?

If they are unregulated, have the details of their activities, provided?

Are the names of the above companies/entities appearing in the balance sheet of the applicant company? If not, has the applicant company stated the reasons thereof?

Is there any group companies located overseas?

If yes, were these established under general permission route or under approval from appropriate authority?

Are there any NBFCs from among the group companies?

30 Are there any other NBFC-MFIs/pending NBFC-MFIs in the group?

If yes, has the applicant company provided any justification in having another NBFC-MFI within the Group?

31 Has the applicant Banker's report in r/o applicant company been furnished?

32 Has the company furnished the Bankers' Report in r/o companies in which the Directors of the applicant company have substantial interest as indicated against Items Nos. 14 & 15 of Annexure -III?

33 Has the company submitted Bankers' Reports in r/o group/subsidiary/holding companies if any, of the applicant company?

34 Has the company submitted overseas Bankers' Reports in r/o foreign directors, if any?

35 Has the applicant company submitted the Business Plan for the next three years giving details of its thrust of business, market segment & projected balance sheets, Cash flow statement, asset/income pattern statement without any element of public deposits

36 The Projected business plan for 3 years must indicate the following as well(year wise):

i. Amount of loan assets to be originated

ii. Amount of loan assets to be extended for income generation

iii. Break up of amount of assets to be originated in rural areas and semi-urban and urban areas

iv. Activities the company intends to support in rural and semi-urban areas and urban areas

v. Projected profits

vi. Average cost of borrowings

vii. Average Return on Assets(ROA)

viii. Qualifying Assets is more than 85% of the Net Assets.

ix. Expected capital expenditure in

a. land and buildings and

b. IT resources

x. Locations where the company intends to operate

xi. Allocation of resources to training and skill development of SHGs/JLGs

37 Is the number of directorships held by the company in compliance with Sections 274 - 278 of the Companies Act? If not, give detailed reasons for the same.

38 Is the company or its Directors involved in any criminal case including Section 138 of Negotiable Instruments Act?

39 Has the company provided details of infusion of capital if any during last financial year together with the copy of return of allotment filed with Registrar of Companies?

40 Does the company fulfill the provisioning norms? For the companies having an exposure to the Andhra Pradesh portfolio, the provisioning should be as per the current provisioning norms. However, for the calculation of CRAR, the provisioning made towards AP portfolio shall be notionally reckoned as part of NOF and there shall be progressive reduction in such recognition of the provisions for AP portfolio equally over a period of 5 years. (Please refer to Instructions - Annex II (13) for further clarification)

41 Are there are any incidents of non-compliance with the directions of Revenue Authorities or any other statutory authority by the applicant company, its holding company/ subsidiaries, If yes, give particulars, else report "Nil"



Note: (1) The Above Checklist is indicative and not exhaustive. Bank can,if necessary, call for any further documents to satisfy themselves on the eligibility for obtaining registration as NBFC-MFI.

(2) In the event of the Bank calling for further documents in addition to those mentioned above, the applicant company is supposed to respond within a stipulated time of one month failing which the request for conversion may be returned to the company for resubmission afresh with the required information/documents.

An indicative list of basic documents/information to be furnished along with the application. All documents/information is to be submitted in duplicate.

Sr. No Requirements to be complied with and documents to be submitted to RBI by Companies for obtaining certificate and Registration from RBI as NBFC- Factor Page no. in the file

1. Minimum NOF requirement Rs. 500 lakh.

2. Application to be submitted in two separate sets tied up properly in two separate files and properly page numbered.

3. Identification particulars (Annex I).

4. Statement on prudential norms (Annex II).

5. Information about the management (Annex III).

6. Is the CoR granted to the company to function as an NBFC enclosed in original? (For existing companies)

7. Details of change in the management of the company during last financial year till date if any and reasons thereof.

8. Certified copies of Certificate of Incorporation and Certificate of Commencement of Business in case of public limited companies.

9. Certified copies of up-to-date Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company.

10. Details of clauses in the memorandum relating to financial business.

11. Details of changes in the Memorandum and Articles of Association duly certified.

12. Copy of PAN/CIN alotted to the company.

13. Annex II to be submitted duly signed by the director/Authorized signatory and certified by the statutory auditors.

14. Annex III (directors' profile) to be separately filled up and signed by each director. Care should be taken to give details of bankers in respect of firms/companies/entities in which directors have substantial interest.

15. In case the directors are associated with or without substantial interest (indicate % of holding in each company firm) in other companies, indicate clearly the activity of the companies and details of their regulators if any.

16. Certificate from the respective NBFC/s where the Directors have gained NBFC experience.

17. Copy of PAN and DIN allotted to the Directors.

18. CIBIL Data pertaining to Directors of the company

19. Financial Statements of the last 2 years of Unincorporated Bodies, if any, in the group where the directors may be holding directorship with/without substantial interest.

20. Certificate of compliance with section 45S of Chapter IIIC of the RBI Act, 1934 regarding unincorporated bodies with which director/s of the company are associated.

21. Whether any prohibitory order was issued in the past to the company or any other NBFC/RNBC with which the directors/promoters etc. were associated? If yes, details there of.

22. Whether the company or any of its directors was/is involved in any criminal case, including under section 138(1) of the Negotiable Instruments Act? If yes, details thereof.

23. Board Resolution specifically approving the submission of the application and its contents and authorizing signatory.

24. Board Resolution to the effect that the company has not accepted any public deposit, in the past (specify period)/does not hold any public deposit as on the date and will not accept the same in future without the prior approval of Reserve Bank of India in writing.

25. Board resolution stating that the company is not carrying on any NBFC activity/stopped NBFC activity and will not carry on/commence the same before getting registration from RBI.(Only for the new companies)

26. Certified copy of Board resolution for formulation of "Fair Practices Code"

27. Board resolution certifying the time limit within which the company would comply with the requirement of fulfilling the NOF criterion of NOF of Rs.500 lakhs (for the existing companies not fulfilling the criteria regarding NOF).

28. Board Resolution enclosing a road map certifying that they will either raise factoring assets/income percentage to 75 % of total assets/income or unwind the factoring business by July 22, 2014. (for the existing companies not fulfilling the criteria regarding asset income percentage).

28. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that the company is/does not accept/is not holding Public Deposit.

29. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that the company is not carrying on any NBFC activity.

30. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying net owned fund as on date of the application.

31. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that financial assets in the factoring business constitute at least 75 percent of its total assets and its income derived from factoring business is not less than 75 percent of its gross income.

32. Details of Authorised Share Capital and latest shareholding pattern of the company including the percentages. Documentary evidence for change in shareholding pattern,if undergone. If there are any NBFC corporate share holders, certificates from their statutory auditors regarding the adequacy of statutory NOF post investment. Also, provide details about the line of activity of other corporate stake holders.

33. Copy of Fixed Deposit receipt & bankers certificate of no lien indicating balances in support of NOF.

34. Details of infusion of capital if any during last financial year together with the copy of return of allotment filed with Registrar of Companies.

35. Details of the bank balances/bank accounts/complete postal address of the branch/bank, loan/credit facilities etc. availed.

36. Details of unsecured loans if any, raised by the company from others (including the directors) during the year and if these fall in the exempted category of Public deposits certified by the Auditor.

37. Is a certificate of Chartered Accountant regarding details of group/associate/ subsidiary/holding/related companies submitted?

('Companies in the group" have been exhaustively defined in para 3(1) b of Notification No. DNBS.(PD) 219/CGM (US)-2011 dated January 05, 2011 as an arrangement involving two or more entities related to each other through any of the following relationships, viz; subsidiary-parent (defined in terms of AS-21), Joint Venture (defined in terms of AS 27), Associate (defined in terms of AS 23), promoter-promotee (as provided in the SEBI-Acquisition of shares and takeover) Regulations, 1997) for listed companies, a related party (defined in terms of AS 18) Common brand name, and investment in equity shares of 20% and above.)

Details should include names of the company, its activity, whether it is an NBFC or have other regulators like SEBI/IRDA/FMC/NHB/Foreign Regulators. If they are unregulated give the details of their activities, principal banker's name, address, account no. Whether the names of these companies are appearing in the balance sheet of the applicant company. If not, indicate why they are not appearing. Whether overseas group companies were established under general permission route or under approval from appropriate authority if any. If there are other NBFCs in the group, justification of having another NBFC.

38. Brief background note on the activities of the company during the last three years.

39. Whether the company has applied to RBI in the past for registration, if rejected, give full details. If not applied to RBI earlier, whether the company was doing NBFI activities without CoR. If yes, indicate reasons for same. Whether they have completely stopped NBFI activities now and whether that has been certified by their auditor. Also, submit a letter seeking to be condoned for violation of Sec 45 IA if the company had conducted NBFI business detailing the circumstances.

40. Last three years Audited balance sheet and Profit & Loss account along with directors & auditors report or for such shorter period as are available (for companies already in existence).

41. Business plan of the company for the next three years giving details of its (a) thrust of business; (b) market segment; and (c) projected balance sheets, Cash flow statement, asset/income pattern statement without any element of public deposits.

42. Source of the startup capital of the company substantiated with documentary evidence. Provide Self attested Bank Statement/IT returns etc.

43. Details of mergers and acquisition with/of other companies if any together with supporting documents.

44. Is the company engaged in any capital market activity? If so, whether there has been any non-compliance with SEBI Regulations? (Statement to be certified by Auditors).

45. Whether the company was granted any permission by FED to function as Full-fledged Money Changers? If so, copy of the RBI letter granting the permission.

46. If there is FDI in the company, its percentage (submit FIRC in support thereof) and whether it fulfills the minimum capitalization norms or not (also submit FC_GPRs).

(i) Has the FDI been brought in with FIPB approval (Copy of approval to be submitted)?

(ii) Is the foreign entity contributing the FDI subject to supervision in its home country (if yes, name, address and email id of the regulator).

(iii) If not, mention legal status, viz, statutes under which it was established, its statutory obligations, procedures under which it was established, whether listed on stock exchange etc.

(iv) The particulars of approval of Foreign Exchange Department (FED) if any obtained/copies of Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate in r/o Foreign Direct Investment if any, received by the applicant company are furnished. (v) Activities undertaken, details of regulator of group/associate companies doing financial activities which are regulated either in the home country or elsewhere, if any.

(v) If any group/ associate company is operating in India, details such as its activities, its partners or associates, regulator/s etc. may be furnished.

47. Declaration by the company to own electronic infrastructure and its capability regarding electronic submission of data through the internet as and when required by Reserve Bank of India. Email id of the company should also be provided.

48. Are there are any incidents of non-compliance with the directions of Revenue Authorities or any other statutory authority by the applicant company, its holding company/ subsidiaries, If yes, give particulars, else report "Nil"



Note: (1) The Above Checklist is indicative and not exhaustive. Bank can, if necessary, call for any further documents to satisfy themselves on the eligibility for obtaining registration as NBFC- Factor

(2) In the event of the Bank calling for further documents in addition to those mentioned above, the applicant company is supposed to respond within a stipulated time of one month failing which the application/request for conversion may be returned to the company for resubmission afresh with the required information/documents.

An indicative list of basic documents/information to be furnished along with the application. All documents/information is to be submitted in duplicate

Sr. No Requirements to be complied with and documents to be submitted to RBI by Companies for obtaining certificate and Registration from RBI as Core Investment Company (CIC) Page No. as in the file

1. Details of access to Public Funds.

2. If the company does not have public funds but intends to access public funds anytime in the future and therefore applying for the CoR, they have to submit the Board Resolution to the effect that they intend to raise resources through public funds at a future date.

3. Application to be submitted in two separate sets tied up properly in two separate files and properly page numbered.

4. Identification particulars (Annex I).

5. Statement on prudential norms (Annex II).

6. Information about the management (Annex III).

7. Details of change in the management of the company during last financial year till date if any and reasons thereof.

8. Certified copies of Certificate of Incorporation and Certificate of Commencement of Business in case of public limited companies.

9. Certified copies of up-to-date Memorandum and Articles of Association of the company.

10. Details of clauses in the memorandum relating to financial business.

11. Details of changes in the Memorandum and Articles of Association duly certified.

12. Copy of PAN/CIN alotted to the company.

13. Annex II to be submitted duly signed by the director/Authorized signatory and certified by the statutory auditors.

14. Annex III (directors' profile) to be separately filled up and signed by each director. Care should be taken to give details of bankers in respect of firms/companies/entities in which directors have substantial interest.

15. In case the directors are associated with or without substantial interest (indicate %of holding in each company firm) in other companies, indicate clearly the activity of the companies and details of their regulators if any.

16. Certificate from the respective NBFC/s where the Directors have gained NBFC experience.

17. Copy of PAN and DIN allotted to the Directors.

18. CIBIL Data pertaining to Directors of the company.

19. Financial Statements of the last 2 years of Unincorporated Bodies, if any, in the group where the directors may be holding directorship with/without substantial interest.

20. Certificate of compliance with section 45S of Chapter IIIC of the RBI Act, 1934 regarding unincorporated bodies with which director/s of the company are associated.

21. Whether any prohibitory order was issued in the past to the company or any other NBFC/RNBC with which the directors/promoters etc. were associated? If yes, details thereof.

22. Whether the company or any of its directors was/is involved in any criminal case, including under section 138(1) of the Negotiable Instruments Act? If yes, details thereof.

23. Board Resolution specifically approving the submission of the application and its contents and authorising signatory.

24. Board Resolution to the effect that the company has not accepted/solicited any public deposit and will not accept the same in future without the prior approval of Reserve Bank of India in writing.

25. Board resolution stating that the company was not trading/ will not trade in its investments in shares, bonds, debentures, debt or loans in group companies except through block sale for the purpose of dilution or disinvestment.

26. Board resolution stating that the company does not carry on any other financial activity referred to in Section 45I(c) and 45I(f) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 except investment in

(i) bank deposits,

(ii) money market instruments, including money market mutual funds

(iii) government securities, and

(iv) bonds or debentures issued by group companies,

(v) granting of loans to group companies and

(vi) issuing of guarantees on behalf of group companies.

27. Certified copy of Board resolution for formulation of "Fair Practices Code"

28. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that the company is/does not accept/is not holding Public Deposit.

29. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that the company had not traded, during the year in its investments in shares, bonds, debentures, debt or loans in group companies except through block sale for the purpose of dilution or disinvestment.

30. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying that the company does not carry on any other financial activity referred to in Section 45I(c) and 45I(f) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 except investment in

(i) bank deposits,

(ii) money market instruments, including money market mutual funds

(iii) government securities, and

(iv) bonds or debentures issued by group companies,

(v) granting of loans to group companies and

(vi) issuing of guarantees on behalf of group companies.

31. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying Average Market Price of quoted investments.

32. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying the net asset size of the company.

33. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying investment in group companies as percent of its Net Assets.

34. Statutory Auditors Certificate certifying investments in equity shares (including instruments compulsorily convertible into equity shares within a period not exceeding 10 years from the date of issue) in group companies as percent of its net assets.

35. Details of Authorised Share Capital and latest shareholding pattern of the company including the percentages. Documentary evidence for change in shareholding pattern, if undergone. If there are any NBFC corporate shareholders, certificates from their statutory auditors regarding the adequacy of statutory NOF post investment. Also, provide details about the line of activity of other corporate stake holders.

36. Details of infusion of capital if any during last financial year together with the copy of return of allotment filed with Registrar of Companies.

37. Details of the bank balances/bank accounts/complete postal address of the branch/bank, loan/credit facilities etc. availed.

38. Details of unsecured loans if any, raised by the company from others (including the directors) during the year and if these fall in the exempted category of Public deposits certified by the Auditor.

39. A certificate of Chartered Accountant regarding details of group/associate/subsidiary/holding/related companies is to be submitted.

(For the purposes of determining whether a company is a CIC/CIC-ND-SI, 'companies in the group" have been exhaustively defined in para 3(1) b of Notification No. DNBS.(PD) 219/CGM (US)-2011 dated January 05, 2011 as an arrangement involving two or more entities related to each other through any of the following relationships, viz; subsidiary-parent (defined in terms of AS-21), Joint Venture (defined in terms of AS 27), Associate (defined in terms of AS 23), promoter-promotee (as provided in the SEBI-Acquisition of shares and takeover) Regulations, 1997) for listed companies, a related party (defined in terms of AS 18) Common brand name, and investment in equity shares of 20% and above.)

Details should include names of the company, its activity, whether it is an NBFC or have other regulators like SEBI/IRDA/FMC/NHB/Foreign Regulators. If they are unregulated give the details of their activities, principal banker's name, address, account no. Whether the names of these companies are appearing in the balance sheet of the applicant company. If not, indicate why they are not appearing. Whether overseas group companies were established under general permission route or under approval from appropriate authority if any. If there are other NBFCs in the group, justification of having another NBFC.

40. Details of other CICs in the group. If they are not registered with the Bank, reasons for the same may be given. Justification of having another CIC in the group also should be provided.

41. Brief background note on the activities of the company during the last three years.

42. Last three years Audited balance sheet and Profit & Loss account along with directors & auditors report or for such shorter period as are available (for companies already in existence).

43. Business plan of the company for the next three years giving details of its (a) thrust of business; (b) market segment; and (c) projected balance sheets, Cash flow statement, asset/income pattern statement.

44. Source of the startup capital of the company substantiated with documentary evidence. (only for the new companies).

45. Details of mergers and acquisition with/of other companies if any together with supporting documents.

46. Is the company engaged in any capital market activity? If so, whether there has been any non-compliance with SEBI Regulations? (Statement to be certified by Auditors).

47. Whether the company was granted any permission by FED to function as Full-fledged Money Changers? If so, copy of the RBI letter granting the permission.

48. If there is FDI in the company, its percentage (submit FIRC in support thereof) and whether it fulfills the minimum capitalization norms or not (also submit FC_GPRs).



(i) Has the FDI been brought in with FIPB approval (Copy of approval to be submitted)?

(ii) Is the foreign entity contributing the FDI subject to supervision in its home country (if yes, name, address and email id of the regulator).

(iii) If not, mention legal status, viz, statutes under which it was established, its statutory obligations, procedures under which it was established, whether listed on stock exchange etc.

(iv) The particulars of approval of Foreign Exchange Department (FED) if any obtained/copies of Foreign Inward Remittance Certificate in r/o Foreign Direct Investment if any, received by the applicant company are furnished.

(v) Activities undertaken, details of regulator of group/associate companies doing financial activities which are regulated either in the home country or elsewhere, if any.

(vi) If any group/associate company is operating in India, details such as its activities, its partners or associates, regulator/s etc. may be furnished.

49. Declaration by the company to own electronic infrastructure and its capability regarding electronic submission of data through the internet as and when required by Reserve Bank of India. Email id of the company should also be provided.

50. A company which is already in existence and whose (i) minimum Capital Ratio in terms of Adjusted Net Worth is less than 30% of its aggregate risk weighted assets on Balance Sheet and risk adjusted value of off-balance sheet items as on the date of the last audited Balance Sheet, and/or (iii) a Leverage Ratio where its outside liabilities are exceeding 2.5 times its Adjusted Net Worth as on the date of the last audited Balance Sheet, as on the date of application, may also furnish a time-bound programme as to how it proposes to adhere to these requirements.

51. A company which proposes to become a CIC-ND-SI but does not qualify in terms of 90% of net assets under investments may also give a time bound action plan as to how it would achieve such eligibility.

52. Are there are any incidents of non-compliance with the directions of Revenue Authorities or any other statutory authority by the applicant company, its holding company/ subsidiaries, If yes, give particulars, else report "Nil"



Note: (1) The Above Checklist is indicative and not exhaustive. Bank can, if necessary, call for any further documents to satisfy themselves on the eligibility for obtaining registration as CIC.

(2) In the event of the Bank calling for further documents in addition to those mentioned above, the applicant company is supposed to respond within a stipulated time of one month failing which the original CoR application may be returned to the company for resubmission afresh with the required information/documents.





check list on incorporation of section 25 company

For incorporation of Sec. 25 Company, first of all you have to apply 1A for name availability, and then apply for licence in Form 24A to ROC concerned, as powers are now delegated to ROC. In Form 24A, you have to provide following attachments:


1. Declaration by Directors

2. Details of Directors and Promoters

3. Concent of all directors

4. Ground of incorporating Sec. 25

5. POA in the name of the professional

6. Statement of directorship and promoters in any other concerns

7. Estimated 3 years Income and Expenditure account

8. MOA and AOA of Sec. 25 Company duly prepared

check list on section 372A of companies act




[1][372A. Inter-corporate loans and investments. (1) No company shall, directly or indirectly,

(a) make any loan to any other body corporate;

(b) give any guarantee, or provide security, in connection with a loan made by any other person to, or to any other person, by any body corporate; and

(c) acquire, by way of subscription, purchase or otherwise the securities of any other body corporate,

exceeding sixty per cent of its paid-up share capital and free reserves, or hundred per cent of its free reserves, whichever is more:

Provided that where the aggregate of the loans and investments so far made, the amounts for which guarantee or security so far provided to or in all other bodies corporate, along with the investment, loan, guarantee or security proposed to be made or given by the Board, exceeds the aforesaid limits, no investment or loan shall be made or guarantee shall be given or security shall be provided unless previously authorised by a special resolution passed in a general meeting:

Provided further that the Board may give guarantee, without being previously authorised by a special resolution, if,

(a) a resolution is passed in the meeting of the Board authorising to give guarantee in accordance with the provisions of this section;

(b) there exists exceptional circumstances which prevent the company from obtaining previous authorisation by a special resolution passed in a general meeting for giving a guarantee; and

(c) the resolution of the Board under clause (a) is confirmed within twelve months, in a general meeting of the company or the annual general meeting held immediately after passing of the Board's resolution, whichever is earlier:

Provided also that the notice of such resolution shall indicate clearly the specific limits, the particulars of the body corporate in which the investment is proposed to be made or loan or security or guarantee to be given, the purpose of the investment, loan or security or guarantee, specific sources of funding and such other details.

(2) No loan or investment shall be made or guarantee or security given by the company unless the resolution sanctioning it is passed at a meeting of the Board with the consent of all the directors present at the meeting and the prior approval of the public financial institution referred to in section 4A, where any term loan is subsisting, is obtained:

Provided that prior approval of a public financial institution shall not be required where the aggregate of the loans and investments so far made, the amounts for which guarantee or security so far provided to or in all other bodies corporate, alongwith the investments, loans, guarantee or security proposed to be made or given does not exceed the limit of sixty per cent specified in sub-section (1), if there is no default in repayment of loan instalments or payment of interest thereon as per the terms and conditions of such loan to the public financial institution.

(3) No loan to any body corporate shall be made at a rate of interest lower than the prevailing bank rate, being the standard rate made public under section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (2 of 1934).

(4) No company, which has defaulted in complying with the provision of section 58A, shall, directly or indirectly,

(a) make any loan to any body corporate;

(b) give any guarantee, or provide security, in connection with a loan made by any other person to, or to any other person by, any body corporate; and

(c) acquire, by way of subscription, purchase or otherwise the securities of any other body corporate,

till such default is subsisting.

(5)(a) Every company shall keep a register showing the following particulars in respect of every investment or loan made, guarantee given or security provided by it in relation to any body corporate under sub-section (1), namely:

(i) the name of the body corporate;

(ii) The amount, terms and purpose of the investment or loan or security or guarantee;

(iii) the date on which the investment or loan has been made; and

(iv) the date on which the guarantee has been given or security has been provided in connection with a loan.

(b) The particulars of investment, loan, guarantee or security referred to in clause (a) shall be entered chronologically in the register aforesaid within seven days of the making of such investment or loan, or the giving of such guarantee or the provision of such security.

(6) The register referred to in sub-section (5) shall be kept at the registered office of the company concerned and

(a) shall be open to inspection at such office; and

(b) extracts may be taken therefrom and copies thereof may be required,

by any member of the company to the same extent, in the same manner, and on payment of the same fees as in the case of the register of members of the company; and the provisions of section 163 shall apply accordingly.

(7) The Central Government may, prescribe guidelines for the purposes of this section.

(8) Nothing contained in this section shall apply,

(a) to any loan made, any guarantee given or any security provided or any investment made by

(i) a banking company, or an insurance company, or a housing finance company in the ordinary course of its business, or a company established with the object of financing industrial enterprises, or of providing infrastructural facilities;

(ii) a company whose principal business is the acquisition of shares, stock, debentures or other securities;

(iii) a private company, unless it is a subsidiary of a public company;

(b) to investment made in shares allotted in pursuance of clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 81;

(c) to any loan made by a holding company to its wholly owned subsidiary;

(d) to any guarantee given or any security provided by a holding company in respect of loan made to its wholly owned subsidiary; or

(e) to acquisition by a holding company, by way of subscription, purchases or otherwise, the securities of its wholly owned subsidiary.

(9) If default is made in complying with the provisions of this section, other than sub-section (5), the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to two years or with fine which may extend to fifty thousand rupees:

Provided that where any such loan or any loan in connection with which any such guarantee or security has been given, or provided by the company, has been repaid in full, no punishment by way of imprisonment shall be imposed under this sub-section, and where such loan has been repaid in part, the maximum punishment which may be imposed under this sub-section by way of imprisonment shall be appropriately reduced:



Provided further that all persons who are knowingly parties to any such contravention shall be liable, jointly and severally, to the company for the repayment of the loan or for making good the same which the company may have been called upon to pay by virtue of the guarantee given or the securities provided by such company.

(10) If default is made in complying with the provisions of sub-section (5), the company and every officer of the company who is in default shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees and also with a further fine which may extend to five hundred rupees for every day after the first during which the default continues.

Explanation. For the purposes of this section,

(a) "loan" includes debentures or any deposit of money made by one company with another company, not being a banking company;

(b) "free reserves" means those reserves which, as per the latest audited balance sheet of the company, are free for distribution as dividend and shall include balance to the credit of the securities premium account but shall not include share application money.]

Synopsis

Legislative History

Commentary

1. Inter-corporate loans

1.1 Cases in which provisions of section 372A apply

1.2 Meaning of 'loan'

1.3 What are the requirements as regards approval of financial institutions for inter-corporate loans

1.4 Loans and companies outside the purview of section 372A

1.5 Board approval to making of inter-corporate loans

1.6 Shareholders' approval for giving inter-corporate loans

2. Inter-corporate guarantees and securities

2.1 Types of guarantees and securities

2.2 Exemptions

2.3 Board approval for inter-corporate guarantees and securities

2.4 Shareholders' approval for giving inter-corporate guarantees and securities

2.5 Requirement as to approval of financial institutions for inter-corporate loans

3. Inter-corporate investments

3.1 Applicability

3.2 Investments/companies which are/are not within the purview of section 372A

3.3 Board approval for making of inter-corporate investment

3.4 Can the Board delegate its power of making investments under section 372A?

3.5 In which cases are inter-corporate guarantees/securities prohibited

4. Register of inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities

5. Consequences of contravention of section 372A

6. DCA Circulars

6.1 Section 370: Guiding principles for considering applications under sections 370 and 372

6.2 Section 370: Applicability of sections 295 and 370

6.3 Section 370: Need for passing special resolution under section 370

6.4 Section 370: Loans by subsidiaries to the holding companies

6.5 Section 370: Application of section 370(1B)(iii) to Government companies

6.6 Section 370: Loans given by exempted companies when can be taken into account for the purpose of ceiling

6.7 Clarification regarding applicability of the provisions of section 295/370 of the Companies Act, 1956 in respect of inter-corporate deposits

6.8 Section 372: Effect of display of investments as stock-in-trade in accounts

6.9 Section 372: Guiding principles for considering applications

6.10 Section 372: Meaning of investment company

6.11 Section 372: Some clarifications under section 372

6.12 Calculation for the purpose of ceiling limits

6.13 Section 372: Clarification on exemptions of section 372

6.14 Section 372: Clarification Whether the types of investments mentioned in sub-section (14) have to be omitted for computing the ceiling in sub-section (2)

6.15 Section 372: Applicability of the provisions of section 372(4)

6.16 Section 372: Investments in excess of statutory limits Effect

6.17 Section 372: Purchase of units of the Unit Trust of India by a company

6.18 Section 372: Inter-corporate investments beyond statutory limits made without prior approval

6.19 Section 372: Acquisition of shares by virtue of schemes of reorganisation and arrangement Whether prior approval is required?

6.20 Section 372: Nature of approval under sub-section (4) of section 372

6.21 Section 372: Whether the section is applicable to subscribing to memorandum of association by a company

6.22 Section 372: Whether provisions of section 372 are applicable to investment in shares of a new company

6.23 Section 372: Whether rights shares offered by a private company qualify for exemption under the first proviso to sub-section (4)

6.24 Section 372: Some instances of inter-corporate investments

6.25 Section 372A: Inter-corporate loans and investments –Board parameters for compliance with section 372A – Companies should refrain from passing a resolution for investment much beyond net worth – Companies should indicate in explanatory statement the specific securities in which it is proposed to invest

Secretarial Practice

I. Checklist on inter-corporate investments

II. Checklist on inter-corporate loans

III. Checklist on inter-corporate guarantees and securities

Specimens & Precedents

IV. Board resolution to approve the making of investment in shares

V. Board resolution to sanction a loan to a body corporate

VI. Board resolution for delegation of power of making investments

VII. Board resolution for delegation of power of making loans

VIII. Special resolution for loan to a body corporate

IX. Board resolution to sanction the giving of a guarantee in connection with a loan to a body corporate

X. Board resolution to sanction the providing of a security in connection with a loan to a body corporate

XI. Board resolution for delegation of power to give guarantees in connection with loans to or by bodies corporate

XII. Board resolution for delegation of power to provide securities in connection with loans to or by bodies corporate

XIII. Special resolution for giving a guarantee in connection with a loan by or to a body corporate

XIV. Special resolution for providing a security in connection with a loan by or to a body corporate

XV. Special resolution for investment in securities of a body corporate

XVI. Special resolution to be passed by postal ballot by a listed company

LEGISLATIVE HISTORY

1999. This section was inserted by the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1999.

>COMMENTARY

The Companies (Amendment) Act, 1999 combined the provisions of sections 370 and 372, and replaced them with section 372A.

1. Inter-corporate loans

1.1 Cases in which provisions of section 372A apply. Section 372A imposes some restrictions on giving loans by a company to bodies corporate. A company is not allowed to give loans to other bodies corporate, directly or indirectly, unless the requirements of this section are complied with.

However, every loan to be given by a company does not fall within the ambit of this section, although it falls within the ambit of section 292 [see section 292(1)(e)]. Only the loans to be given by a company to bodies corporate are covered in section 372A. [For the meaning and scope of the term ‘body corporate’, see COMMENTARY on section 2(7)]. But every loan falling within the purview of this section does attract section 292.

A loan to be given by a company to another company (including a private company) will require compliance with this section unless the loan is eligible for exemption under sub-section (8) of this section. The section, however, is wholly inapplicable to a private company which is not a subsidiary of a public company [see sub-section (8)(a)(iii)]. Therefore, a loan given by such a private company to any other company or other body corporate does not require compliance with this section.

A company, which has defaulted in complying with the provisions of section 58A of the Act, is prohibited from making any inter-corporate loan, till the default is made good [sub-section (4)]. This prohibition will operate in respect of any default under section 58A and the Rules made thereunder and not only the default of repayment of deposit or payment of interest thereon.

Section 372A will apply to the giving of a loan to a body corporate indirectly as well, e.g. through any other person or for its benefit.

1.2 Meaning of 'loan'. The term 'loan' is not defined or explained. In its ordinary meaning, 'loan' means the act of lending; a grant of the temporary use of something; something lent or furnished on condition of being returned, especially a sum of money lent at interest. To lend means to grant the use of (something) on condition that it or its equivalent will be returned; to give (money) on condition that it is returned and that interest is paid for its temporary use. Loan is money lent on condition that it is repaid, either in instalments or all at once, on agreed dates and usually that the borrower pays the lender an agreed rate of interest (unless it is an interest-free loan).

But every loan given by a company, which falls within the purview of section 372A must bear interest at a rate not lower than the prevailing bank rate [sub-section (3)]. Bank rate means the rate which is declared by the bank as the 'standard rate' under section 49 of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. For example, the prevailing bank rate is 8%.

For the purposes of section 372A, loan includes deposit of money by one company with another [Explanation (a)]. Consequently, lending money by a company to another company (or any other body corporate) in the form of inter-corporate deposit or any other form will require compliance with the requirements of this section by the lending company, besides that of section 292.

As regards lending money by way of debentures, i.e. a company buying debentures of another company, the requirements of section 372A as well as section 292 [either as investment under sub-section (1)(d) or loan under sub-section (1)(e)], would be applicable.

Thus, this section applies to loans given by a company in any form and manner and by whatever name called, if what is given is in the nature of a loan as mentioned above or debentures of any body corporate acquired by the company.

1.3 What are the requirements as regards approval of financial institutions for inter-corporate loans. Section 372(2) stipulates the following requirements as regards approval of financial institutions for inter-corporate loans:

(1) Every inter-corporate loan falling within the purview of section 372A requires prior approval of every financial institution specified in and notified under section 4A of the Act, from which the company has taken any term loan, and it is outstanding in any amount at the time of making any inter-corporate loan. This approval will be required irrespective of whether under the agreement relating to the term loan, it is required or not.

(2) The approval may be a general approval; it need not be a specific approval in each case of inter-corporate loan. A financial institution may give approval subject to certain limit and such conditions as it may think fit.

(3) According to the proviso to sub-section (2) prior approval of a public financial institution shall not be required where the aggregate of the loans and investments so far made, the amounts for which guarantee or security so far provided to or in all other bodies corporate, along with the investments, loans, guarantee or security proposed to be made or given does not exceed the limit of sixty per cent specified in sub-section (1), if there is no default in repayment of loan instalments or payment of interest thereon as per the terms and conditions of such loan to the public financial institution.

(4) Thus, no approval of a financial institution will be necessary under sub-section (2), if:

(a) the total amount of inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities is less than 60% of the paid-up share capital and free reserves; or

(b) there is no default (at the time of making any investment) in payment of an instalment of the term loan or interest thereon as per the terms thereof.

(5) Therefore, if there has been a default in payment of an instalment of the term loan or interest thereon, the approval of the financial institution will be necessary irrespective of whether the limit of 60% is exceeded or not, but so long there is no default, no approval will be required if the total amount of inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities is less than 60% of the paid-up share capital and free reserves.

1.4 Loans and companies outside the purview of section 372A. As noted above, section 372A applies to loans given by a 'company'. The word ‘company’ means a company as defined in section 3 of the Companies Act. It may be a company formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 or an 'existing company' meaning a company formed and registered under any of the previous Companies Acts specified in section 3(1)(ii).

According to sub-section (8), section 372A, so far as loans are concerned, applies to every company, whether public company or private company which is a subsidiary of a public company. But it does not apply to any loan given by:

(1) a banking company in the ordinary course of its business;

(2) an insurance company in the ordinary course of its business;

(3) a housing finance company in the ordinary course of its business;

(4) a company established with the object of financing industrial enterprises;

(5) a company established with the object of providing infrastructural facilities;

(6) a company whose principal business is the acquisition of shares, stock, debentures or other securities;

(7) a private company which is not a subsidiary of a public company.

(8) a holding company to its wholly-owned subsidiary.

Under erstwhile section 370, exemption was granted to Government companies of which the entire paid-up share capital was held by the Central Government and its nominees or by a State Government and its nominees; on the condition that such company should obtain the approval of the Central Government or the State Government as the case may be, before making any loan under section 370.[2] A fresh notification granting similar exemption under 372A will have to be issued, to extend the benefit of the exemption under section 372A.

Section 372A applies to section 25 companies which are limited by guarantee and having no share capital. The Department of Company Affairs had clarified with regard to section 370 that if a section 25 company has share capital, the provisions of section 370 will be applicable in the same manner as these are applicable to any other company. In case it does not have share capital, even then it can have free reserves and percentages under section 370 can be computed in relation to such free reserves alone. Hence, in either case, the provisions of section 370 become applicable to the grant of loan by a section 25 company.[3]

Any loan given by the holding company to its wholly-owned subsidiary is exempted from the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 372A. In such cases the exemption is available only in respect of the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 372A. Therefore, the provisions of other sub-sections must be complied with. This exemption is not available unless the entire equity share capital of the subsidiary is held by the holding company, and thus, the subsidiary is a 100% subsidiary. In other cases, any loan given by the holding company to its subsidiary will have to comply with the requirements under sub-section (1) and (2).

A question that arises is whether the exemption under clause (e) of sub-section (8) of section 372A would be available in the case of a subsidiary (‘C’) which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of a company (‘B’) of another company (‘A’), if A wants to give a loan to C.

Neither section 4 nor section 372A lays down any condition for considering a company as subsidiary of a holding company which is a subsidiary of another company. According to section 4(1)(c), a company shall be deemed to be a subsidiary of another if the first-mentioned company is a subsidiary of any company which is that other's subsidiary. This is followed by an Illustration which reads as follows: Company B is a subsidiary of company A, and company C is a subsidiary of company B. Company C is a subsidiary of company A, by virtue of clause (c) above. If company D is a subsidiary of company C, company D will be a subsidiary of company B and consequently also of company A, by virtue of clause (c) above, and so on.

Therefore, in absence of any condition or limitation and in absence of definition, in the above example C can be treated as a wholly-owned subsidiary of A, if it is a wholly-owned subsidiary of B. Thus the exemption under sub-section (8)(c) can be availed of if A is to give a loan to C.

1.5 Board approval to making of inter-corporate loans. The procedure for approval by the Board is as under:

(1) Every loan falling within the purview of section 372A must be sanctioned by a resolution of the Board of directors passed at its meeting. A model resolution is set out below.

(2) Every such resolution must be passed with the consent of all the directors present at the Board meeting, i.e. nem. diss. (nemine dissentiente) meaning no one dissenting or unanimously.

(3) Every loan covered by section 372A falls within the purview of section 292(1)(e). That section permits delegation by the Board of its power of making loans vide proviso to sub-section (1), subject to the conditions stipulated in sub-section (3); whereas section 372A(2) requires every Board resolution for inter-corporate loan to be passed at a Board meeting. However, by harmonious interpretation of both the provisions and in absence of specific prohibition in this section against delegation, the Board's power under section 372A may be delegated in accordance with the provisions of section 292.

(4) A resolution for delegation of power by the Board may be passed either for delegation of the power generally or with specified limitations and restrictions. A model resolution is set out below.

(5) The Board of directors can at any time make loans to any other bodies corporate up to the amount, which is higher of the following two:

• 60% of the paid-up share capital and free reserves; or

• 100% of the free reserves of the company.

(6) But these limits are relevant not only for inter-corporate loans but also for inter-corporate guarantees, inter-corporate securities and inter-corporate investments. In other words, these limits are to be calculated at any point of time by grossing the outstanding amounts of:

(a) total cost of investments in securities of all bodies corporate made till that time;

(b) total amount of loans given to other bodies corporate till that time;

(c) total amount of guarantees given in respect of loans given to/by other bodies corporate and valid till that time;

(d) total amount of securities provided in respect of loans given to/by other bodies corporate and valid till that time.

(7) These limits are to be calculated with reference to the latest balance sheet of a company. The paid-up share capital and free reserves will be calculated as per the latest audited balance sheet of the company. Both equity and preference share capital will be taken into account. The expression "paid-up share capital" is inclusively defined in section 2(32). It includes capital credited as paid-up. Thus "paid-up share capital" means that portion of the subscribed capital, whether equity, preference or any other, in respect of which the company has either received cash or any other consideration against which the capital has been credited.

(8) Free reserves means those reserves which, as per the latest audited balance sheet of the company, are free for distribution as dividend and shall include balance to the credit of securities premium account but shall not include share application money. [Explanation (b)]. Though this Explanation talks about only free reserves, the paid-up share capital also should be computed as per the latest audited balance sheet of the company. Surplus in the profit and loss account can be taken as a free reserve because it is available for distribution as dividend. Any capital reserve or revaluation reserve cannot be taken as a free reserve. For a detailed discussion on free reserves, see COMMENTARY on section 80.

(9) Given below is the computation of limit up to which the Board of Directors of a company can make investments or give loans or provide guarantees or securities without the approval of the shareholders of the company by special resolution, as per the Balance Sheet of the company as at the end of a financial year.

Rupees

Paid-up share capital (a) 10,00,000

Free Reserves*

Capital Redemption Reserve**

Debenture Redemption Reserve**

Securities Premium Account

Investment Allowance Reserve Account***

Export Profit Reserve***

General Reserve

Surplus (Profit and loss account credit balance) 05,00,000

06,00,000

04,00,000

02,00,000

04,00,000

22,00,000

07,00,000

Total Free Reserves (b) 50,00,000

Aggregate of Paid up share capital & Free Reserves (A + B) 60,00,000

* Reserves not considered not being free reserves:

• Capital Reserve Rs. 15,00,000

• Revaluation Reserve Rs. 45,00,000.

** Presumed to be free as a result of redemption of preference shares and debentures.

*** Presumed to be free since no longer required to be kept to meet any commitment.

1. 60% of 60,00,000 (the aggregate of Paid up share capital and Free Reserves): Rs. 36,00,000.

2. 100% of 50,00,000 Free Reserves: Rs. 50,00,000.

The maximum amount the Board of Directors can invest, give by way of loans, guarantees or securities during the financial year as per Balance Sheet (the higher of the above two figures) 50,00,000

Less: Amount of inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities outstanding as on a particular date:

Investments in shares and other securities (Except debentures)

Guarantees

Loans (including debentures of other bodies corporate purchased) 12,00,000

10,00,000

15,00,000

Total 37,00,000

Therefore, further limit available for inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities up to 31 March, without approval of shareholders by special resolution under section 372A, but with unanimous approval of the Board of Directors (or by the delegate of the Board if such delegation was made by an unanimous resolution of the Board) is .............................................. Rs. 13,00,000

1.6 Shareholders' approval for giving inter-corporate loans. The Board would need prior approval of the company at a general meeting in the following cases:

(1) If the Board of Directors proposes to make a loan to any body corporate in excess of the limit mentioned above, it must first obtain approval of the company by a special resolution passed at a general meeting [first proviso to sub-section (1)].

(2) There is no limit on the amount up to which the Board can give loans with the approval of the company by special resolution, beyond the limit of 60% or 100% as stipulated in sub-section (1).

(3) However, a specific special resolution must be passed for every inter-corporate loan in excess of the limit. No resolution which gives a blanket permission to the Board to make loans up to the specified limit from time to time, can be passed. The special resolution must specify:

(a) the limit up to which Board is to be authorised to make loan;

(b) particulars of the body corporate to which the loan is proposed to be made;

(c) the purpose of the proposed loan;

(d) the source of funds to be lent; and

(e) other relevant details.

A model Board resolution is set out below.

(4) A general meeting will be convened to pass necessary resolution/s.

(5) The special resolution passed at the general meeting will be filed with the Registrar of Companies. A model special resolution is set out below.

The DCA has advised that the companies are expected to obtain the approval for making investments into securities or grant of loan to other companies of amounts which are linked with company's available financial resources and the resolution for investment much beyond the net worth should not be passed by the companies. The companies should specifically state in the Explanatory Statement to the resolution, the specific securities in which it is proposed to invest the amount. En-block approval should normally be avoided (except in case of guarantee where the resolution can indicate an amount on annual basis).[4]

2. Inter-corporate guarantees and securities

2.1 Types of guarantees and securities. Besides inter-corporate loans, section 372A also applies to 'inter-corporate guarantees', that is, guarantees provided and securities given by a company in connection with loans given:

(a) by any person to any body corporate; or

(b) by any body corporate to any person.

The section would not apply unless either:

• the borrower of money on whose behalf a guarantee is provided or a security is given is a body corporate; or

• the lender of money is a body corporate regardless of whether the borrower on whose behalf a guarantee is provided or a security is given is a body corporate or not.

In other words, a guarantee given by a company on behalf of or in favour of any party, which is not a body corporate would not attract this section although it may be in connection with a loan.

In order for a transaction to fall under section 372A, the guarantee or security must be 'in connection with' a loan. This section would not apply unless the guarantee or security is in connection with a loan. For example, the following types of guarantee or security will attract the provisions of this section:

(a) guarantee given in respect of an inter-corporate loan or deposit;

(b) counter-guarantees in respect of loans obtained by any body corporate;

(c) guarantee given by the company to HDFC or any other Housing Finance company or other body corporate in connection with loans given by it to the company's employees.

Any guarantee or security which does not involve the transaction of lending and borrowing of money between a body corporate and a third party (whether a body corporate or not) would not attract the provisions of this section. For example the following types of guarantees will not attract the provisions of this section:

(a) performance guarantees given to third parties on behalf of other companies;

(b) guarantees against advance received in respect of a contract for supply of goods or a project, do not come under this section;

(c) guarantees on behalf of or in favour of a person not being a body corporate;

(d) bank guarantees given in connection with business transactions which do not involve lending of money but some other obligation.

As noted earlier, the requirements under section 372A need not be complied with unless the guarantee provided by the company is in connection with a loan. In its ordinary meaning the term "guarantee" is a formal promise or assurance, especially one in writing, that an obligation will be fulfilled. It is a secondary agreement in which a person (the guarantor) is liable for the debt or default of another (the principal debtor), who is the party primarily liable for the debt. A guarantee requires an independent consideration and must be evidenced in writing.

Section 126 of the Indian Contract Act defines the expression "contract of guarantee" as a contract to perform the promise, or discharge the liability, of a third person in case of his default. The person who gives the guarantee is called the 'surety'; the person in respect of whose default the guarantee is given is called the 'principal debtor'; and the person to whom the guarantee is given is called the 'creditor'. A guarantee may be either oral or written.

Only those guarantees which are in connection with loans given by or to bodies corporate, that is the guarantees which guarantee repayment of loans given by or to bodies corporate, come within the purview of the section.

The requirements under section 372A need not be complied with unless the security provided by the company is in connection with a loan. In its ordinary meaning the term 'security' means something given or deposited as surety for the fulfillment of a promise or an obligation, the payment of a debt, etc. It is an asset or assets to which a lender can have recourse if the borrower defaults on his loan repayment. In the case of loans by banks and other money lenders the security is sometimes referred to as collateral. The term "security" is usually applied to an obligation, pledge, mortgage, deposit, lien, etc. given by a debtor in order to assure the payment or performance of his debt, by furnishing the creditor with a resource to be used in case of failure in the principle obligation.

Collateral is a form of security, especially an impersonal form of security, such as life-assurance policies or shares, used to secure a bank loan. In some senses such impersonal securities are referred to as a secondary collateral, rather than a primary security, such as a guarantee. Secured loan is a loan which is secured by a charge over the property or an asset of a company, such as mortgage, to which he can have recourse if the borrower defaults on his loan repayments. Secured creditor is a creditor who has a charge on the property of the debtor. Secured liability is a debt against which the borrower has provided sufficient assets as security to safeguard the lender in case of non-repayment.

Only those securities which are in connection with loans given by or to bodies corporate, that is the guarantees which guarantee repayment of loans given by or to bodies corporate, come within the purview of the section.

A company, which has defaulted in complying with the provisions of section 58A of the Act, is prohibited from making any inter-corporate investments, till the default is made good. This prohibition will operate in respect of any default under section 58A and the Rules made thereunder and not only the default of repayment of deposit or payment of interest thereon.

2.2 Exemptions. Any guarantee given or security provided by the holding company in respect of a loan given by any person to its wholly-owned subsidiary is exempted from the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 372A [sub-section (8)(d)].

In such cases the exemption is available only in respect of the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 372A. Therefore, the provisions of other sub-sections must be complied with.

This exemption is not available unless the entire equity share capital of the subsidiary is held by the holding company, and thus, the subsidiary is a 100% subsidiary. In other cases, any investment by the holding company in the securities of its subsidiary will have to comply with the requirements under sub-section (1) and (2).

2.3 Board approval for inter-corporate guarantees and securities. The following is the procedure involved:

(1) Every inter-corporate guarantee/security falling within the purview of section 372A must be sanctioned by a resolution of the Board of directors passed at its meeting. Every such resolution must be passed with the consent of all the directors present at the Board meeting. Model Board resolutions are set out below.

(2) A resolution for delegation of power by the Board may be passed either for delegation of the power generally or with specified limitations and restrictions. A model Board resolution is set out below.

(3) The limit on the Board's power to make inter-corporate loans is equally applicable to inter-corporate guarantees and securities. The limit is to be computed by grossing the outstanding amounts of inter-corporate loans, guarantees, securities and investments as explained above.

(4) In spite of the requirement of previous specific approval of shareholders by special resolution to every proposal of giving guarantee in excess of the limit of 60% or 100%, the Board of Directors may, in circumstances of urgent necessity, provide a guarantee without the shareholders' approval by special resolution, if the following conditions are satisfied:

(a) obtaining shareholders' previous approval by special resolution is prevented by exceptional circumstances;

(b) a resolution authorising to provide the guarantee is passed in the meeting of the Board in accordance with the provisions of section 372A;

(c) the Board resolution for providing the guarantee is confirmed at a general meeting (annual or extraordinary) within twelve months from the date of the Board meeting [second proviso to sub-section (1), clause (b)].

2.4 Shareholders' approval for giving inter-corporate guarantees and securities. If the Board of Directors wishes to give an inter-corporate guarantee or provide an inter-corporate security in excess of the limit mentioned above, it must first obtain approval of the company by a special resolution passed at a general meeting [first proviso to sub-section (1), clause (a)].

There is no limit on the amount up to which inter-corporate guarantees and securities can be provided with the approval of the company by special resolution, beyond the limit of 60% or 100% as stipulated in sub-section (1).

A specific special resolution must be passed for every inter-corporate guarantee and security in excess of the limit. No general resolution (authorising the Board to make loans up to the specified limit from time to time) can be passed.

The special resolution must specify:

(a) the limit up to which Board is authorised to provide guarantee/security;

(b) particulars of the body corporate or other party to which and the loan in respect of which the guarantee/security is proposed to be provided;

(c) the purpose of the proposed guarantee/security; and

(d) other relevant details.

Model special resolutions are set out below.

The special resolution passed at the general meeting will be filed with the Registrar of Companies.

2.5 Requirement as to approval of financial institutions for inter-corporate loans. Every inter-corporate guarantee falling within the purview of section 372A requires prior approval of every financial institution referred to in section 4A of the Act, from which the company has taken any term loan, if it is outstanding in any amount at the time of giving any inter-corporate guarantee.

The same procedure as is applicable to inter-corporate loans would apply in this case.

3. Inter-corporate investments

3.1 Applicability. Section 372A applies to 'inter-corporate' investments by a company, that is, investments in securities of bodies corporate. The section applies only if the investment is in the securities of bodies corporate. The section would apply even if an investment is made indirectly, i.e. through somebody else. An investment made by acquiring securities by way of subscription, purchase or otherwise.. Whenever, a company proposes to make any investment, by subscribing, purchasing or otherwise acquiring, in any securities of any body corporate unless the company or the proposed investment is one of the exempted companies or investments, the requirements under this section are fulfilled [for the meaning and scope of ‘body corporate’, see COMMENTARY on section 2(7)].

However, every investment to be made by a company does not fall within the ambit of this section, although it falls within the ambit of section 292 [see section 292(1)(d)]. Only the investments to be by a company in the securities of other bodies corporate attract section 372A. [For the meaning and scope of the term ‘body corporate’, see COMMENTARY on section 2(7)]. But every loan falling within the purview of this section does attract section 292.

An investment to be made by a company in the securities of another company (including a private company) will require compliance with this section, unless the investment is eligible for exemption under sub-section (8) of this section. The section, however, is wholly inapplicable to a private company which is not a subsidiary of a public company [see sub-section (8)(a)(iii)]. Therefore, an investment made by such a private company in the securities of any other body corporate does not require compliance with this section.

Section 372A applies to investment in shares or other securities, and not only to shares, unlike the erstwhile section 372. Section 2(45AA) of the Act provides that the term "securities" means securities as defined in clause (h) of section 2 of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956, which reads as under:

"(h) "securities" include

(i) shares, scrips, stocks, bonds, debentures, debenture stock or other marketable securities of a like nature in or of any incorporated company or other body corporate;

(ia) derivative;

(ib) units or any other instrument issued by any collective investment scheme to the investors in such schemes;

(ic) security receipt as defined in clause (zg) of section 2 of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002;

(id) units or any other such instrument issued to the investors under any mutual fund scheme;

(ii) Government securities;

(iia) such other instruments as may be declared by the Central Government to be securities; and

(iii) rights or interest in securities."

Thus, section 372A applies to every investment by a company in equity or preference shares, fully or partly convertible/non-convertible debentures or bonds, units, etc. issued by any company (private or public) or other body corporate. However, according to the Explanation (a) under section 372A, loan includes debentures. Therefore, debentures of any body corporate acquired by a company should be treated as 'loan' (and not investment) under section 372A. For the purposes of section 292, debentures taken by a company may be treated as either investment under sub-section (1)(d) or loan under sub-section (1)(e).

Units issued by any mutual fund (which is operated through a Trust) do fall within the purview of this definition and hence are “securities”. However, the units issued by any mutual fund which is a ‘body corporate’ only will constitute “securities of a body corporate” (e.g. the erstwhile Unit Trust of India, which was a body corporate under section 3 of the Unit Trust of India Act), and, therefore, section 372A will apply to investment in the units issued by such mutual funds. However, investments in the units of those mutual funds which are run by trusts, which are not bodies corporate, will not attract the provisions of section 372A. In such cases only section 292 shall apply.[5]

The section applies to acquisition of securities directly or indirectly. Thus, the section will apply to an investment in securities of a body corporate not only by a company (investing company) itself in its own name but also by any person, if such person is to hold the securities in trust for the investing company or for its benefit or on its account. Thus, where any person is a registered holder of shares in the investee company, but he holds the shares as a nominee of the investing company, the provisions of section 372A would apply to such an investment.

Section 372A applies where a company acquires any securities of a body corporate by subscription, purchase or otherwise. The section applies where a company acquires:

(a) new securities issued by a body corporate, to be acquired by subscribing by application and allotment or by agreement; or

(b) purchase of already issued securities in the market or from a holder thereof; or

(c) in any other manner.

Where a subscriber to the memorandum of association of a new company is a public company and/or its nominee, it requires compliance with this section by the subscribing company.[6]

3.2 Investments/companies which are/are not within the purview of section 372A. As noted above, section 372A applies to loans given by a 'company'. The word ‘company’ means a company as defined in section 3 of the Companies Act. It may be a company formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 or an 'existing company' meaning a company formed and registered under any of the previous Companies Acts specified in section 3(1)(ii).

According to sub-section (8), section 372A, so far as investments are concerned, applies to every company, whether public company, private company which is a subsidiary of a public company. But it does not apply to any investment made by

(1) a banking company in the ordinary course of its business;

(2) an insurance company in the ordinary course of its business;

(3) a housing finance company in the ordinary course of its business;

(4) a company established with the object of financing industrial enterprises;

(5) a company established with the object of providing infrastructural facilities;

(6) a company whose principal business is the acquisition of shares, stock, debentures or other securities;

(7) a private company which is not a subsidiary of a public company;

(8) investment in shares allotted in accordance with section 81(1)(a), i.e. rights shares.

(9) a holding company in its wholly-owned subsidiary.

None of the provisions of section 372A is applicable to a company whose principal business is the acquisition of shares, stock, debentures or other securities. In the opinion of the DCA, the words "whose principal business is the acquisition of shares" imply that the company concerned is expected to hold the shares, etc, acquired by it.[7] Merely by including in the memorandum the investment business as the main object, the company would not qualify to be regarded as an investment company. It must be actually carrying on, as a principal activity, the business of investments.

The question as to whether a particular share trading company which deploys its funds for short-term transaction in buying and selling shares is an investment company or not is one of fact which has to be determined in relation to the actual business transacted by it. A company should be treated as an investment company if the whole or substantially the whole of its business relates to shares, securities, stock and debentures, etc. A share trading company may take advantage of the provisions of section 372A if it can be classed as an investment company.[8]

There is no exemption in the case of company, which deals in shares, unless it is an investment company.[9] A company which carries on manufacturing business as its principal business is also authorised by the objects clause of its memorandum of association to do investment business, and shows its investments as stock-in-trade, as if it were an investment company permitted to do so under section 49(4), the exemption from the provisions of section 372 is not available to the company.[10]

In order that a company is regarded as an investment company for the purposes of this section, the income derived from the business is not the criterion. The test would rather be, as to what the principal business of the company is. A balance sheet should show as to what the principal business of the company is. Where the company, whose memorandum contains investment activity as a main object and whose principal business, even after diversification into other activities, continues to be investment in shares and securities, it will be regarded as an investment company, despite the fact that there is a reduction in investment in shares and securities.[11]

Continuation of investments made by the exempted companies, after cessation of exemption would not require compliance with the provisions of section 372A. Thus, investments made during the period when the company was exempt under this section and remained outstanding after the cessation of the exemption, would not come within the restrictions contained in section 372A.[12]

The exempted investments are to be excluded from calculation in considering the limits prescribed in sub-section (1).[13]

Under section 372, Government companies established with the object of financing, where a State Government had made or agreed to make to the company a special advance for the purpose of making loans or advances to, or subscribing to the capital of private industrial enterprises in India.[14] A fresh notification granting similar exemption under 372A will have to be issued, to extend the benefit of the exemption under section 372A.

Section 372A applies to section 25 companies limited by guarantee and having no share capital. The Department of Company Affairs had clarified with regard to section 370 that if a section 25 company has share capital, the provisions of section 370 will be applicable in the same manner, as these are applicable to any other company. In case it does not have share capital, even then it can have free reserves and percentages under section 370 can be computed in relation to such free reserves alone. Hence, in either case, the provisions of section 370 become applicable to the grant of loan by a section 25 company.[15]

Any investment by the holding company in any securities of its wholly-owned subsidiary is exempted from the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 372A. In such cases the exemption is available only in respect of the provisions of sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 372A. Therefore, the provisions of other sub-sections must be complied with. This exemption is not available unless the entire equity share capital of the subsidiary is held by the holding company, and thus, the subsidiary is a 100% or wholly-owned subsidiary. In other cases, any investment by the holding company in the securities of its subsidiary will have to comply with the requirements under sub-sections (1) and (2).

3.3 Board approval for making of inter-corporate investment. The following procedure is involved:

(1) Every investment falling within the purview of section 372A must be sanctioned by a resolution of the Board of directors passed at its meeting. Every such resolution must be passed with the consent of all the directors present at the Board meeting.[16] A model Board resolution is set out below.

(2) Every investment covered by section 372A falls within the purview of section 292(1)(d), permits delegation by the Board of its power of making investments vide proviso to sub-section (1), subject to the conditions stipulated in sub-section (3).

(3) A resolution for delegation of power by the Board may be passed either for delegation of the power generally or with specified limitations and restrictions. A model resolution is set out below.

(4) The limit on the Board's power to make inter-corporate investment is the same as in the case of inter-corporate loans. The limit is to be computed by grossing the outstanding amounts of inter-corporate loans, guarantees, securities and investments as explained earlier.

(5) If the Board of Directors wishes to make an investment in securities of any body corporate in excess of the limit mentioned above, it must first obtain approval of the company by a special resolution passed at a general meeting. There is no limit on the amount up to which investments can be made with the approval of the company by special resolution, beyond the limit of 60% or 100% as stipulated in sub-section (1).

(6) However, a specific special resolution must be passed for every inter-corporate investment in excess of the limit. No resolution generally authorising the Board to make investments up to the specified limit from time to time) can be passed.

(7) The special resolution should specify

(a) the limit up to which Board is to be authorised to make investment;

(b) particulars of the body corporate in which the investment is proposed to be made;

(c) the purpose of the proposed investment;

(d) the source of funds to be invested; and

(e) other relevant details.

A model special resolution is set out below.

(8) A general meeting will be convened to pass necessary resolution/s.

(9) The special resolution passed at the general meeting will be filed with the Registrar of Companies.

3.4 Can the Board delegate its power of making investments under section 372A?. This question has no authoritative answer. As noted earlier, according to sub-section (2) of section 372A, no investment shall be made by the company unless the resolution sanctioning it is passed at a meeting of the Board with the consent of all the directors present at the meeting and the prior approval of the public financial institution referred to in section 4A, where any term loan is subsisting, is obtained. This provision is identical to sub-section (5) of the erstwhile section 372. With reference sub-section (5) of section 372, the DCA had advised, by its Circular No. 48(50)-CL-IV/61, dated 12 February, 1962, that "In view of the specific provisions contained in sub-section (5) of section 372, the power of the board of directors to invest the funds of a company in the shares of another body corporate in pursuance of sub-section (2) of the said section cannot be delegated to any committee or director, the managing director, the manager or any other person specified in the first proviso to section 292(1)."

One view is that, consistent with the DCA’s view, the special provision in section 372(2) overrides the general provision of section 292; hence, the provisions of section 292 regarding delegation of the Board's power can be resorted to in the case of investments other than those governed by section 372. Since sub-section (5) of section 372 specifically provides for an unanimous resolution of the board of directors to be passed at a board meeting, the Board’s power under section 372A cannot be delegated.



It is a well settled canon of interpretation of statutes if a special provision is made on a certain matter, that matter is excluded from the general provision.[17] The rule of construction is well settled that when there are in an enactment two provisions which cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be so interpreted that, if possible, effect should be given to both. This is what is known as the rule of harmonious construction.[18] A statute must be read as a whole and one provision of the Act should be construed with reference to other provisions in the same Act so as to make a consistent enactment of the whole statute. Such a construction has the merit of avoiding any inconsistency or repugnancy either within a section or between a section and other parts of the statute.[19] Two conflicting provisions in a statute should be construed harmoniously so that neither is reduced to a ‘useless lumber’ or a ‘deal letter’.[20] The rule that when there is a conflict between a general and special provision the latter shall prevail, is subject to the condition that there is nothing in the general provision, expressed or implied, indicating an intention to the contrary.[21] A familiar approach in the conflict cases is to find out which of the two apparently conflicting provisions is more general and which is more specific and to construe the more general one as to exclude the more specific. This principle is expressed in the maxims generalia specialibus non derogant (general things do not derogate from special things) and generalibus specialisa derogant (special things derogate from general things).

Applying the above-mentioned principles, it would seem that the special provision contained in section 372A overrides the general provision contained in section 292, and hence the special provision of section 372A would govern the kinds of investments covered in that section, while the general provision would govern rest of the kinds of investments.

However, the contrary view is that, by harmonious interpretation of both the provisions and in absence of any specific prohibition in this section against delegation, the Board's power under section 372A may be delegated in accordance with the provisions of section 292.

3.5 In which cases are inter-corporate guarantees/securities prohibited. A company, which has defaulted in complying with the provisions of section 58A of the Act, is prohibited from making any inter-corporate investments, till the default is made good. This prohibition will operate in respect of any default under section 58A and the Rules made thereunder and not only the default of repayment of deposit or payment of interest thereon.

4. Register of inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities

Every company to which section 372A applies must keep a register. This register may be called 'Register of Investments, Loans, Guarantees and Securities pursuant to section 372A'. The following particulars in relation to each inter-corporate loan, guarantee, and security must be entered in this Register:

Inter-corporate investment

Inter-corporate loan

Inter-corporate guarantee



(a) the name of the body corporate in which investment is made;

(b) the amount invested;

(c) the type and nature of securities in which investment is made;

(d) terms of the investment;

(e) the date on which investment was made.

(f) the purpose of the investment.

(a) the name of the body corporate to which loan is given;

(b) the amount of the loan;

(c) terms and conditions of the loan;

(d) the date on which loan is given.

(e) the purpose of the loan.



(a) the name of the body corporate in respect of which guarantee is given;

(b) the amount of the guarantee;

(c) terms and conditions of the guarantee;

(d) the date on which guarantee is given.

(e) The purpose of the guarantee.





The particulars must be entered in the register in respect of each loan chronologically within seven days of the making of the loan or giving a guarantee or providing a security.

This register must be kept at the registered office of the company. Any member of the company can inspect the Register. A person who is not a member of the company has no right to inspect it. The Register must be made available for inspection in the same manner and on payment of the same fees as the Register of Members.

5. Consequences of contravention of section 372A

Any contravention of any of the provisions of this section [except one relating to the maintenance of the Register under sub-section (5)] will make:

(a) the company liable for punishment of fine up to Rs. 50,000; and

(b) Every officer of the company who is in default liable for punishment of fine up to Rs. 50,000 and imprisonment up to two years.

If the loan in relation to which the contravention has taken place is repaid, in full or in part, the punishment of imprisonment will be waived or reduced, as the case may be.

All the persons who are knowingly parties to any contravention of this section with regard to an inter-corporate loan will be jointly and severally liable for the repayment of the loan.

Any contravention of any of the provisions of sub-section (5) of this section [one relating to the maintenance of the Register under sub-section (5)] will make every officer of the company who is in default liable for punishment of fine upto Rs. 5,000 and further fine of Rs. 500 in case of continuing default.

6. DCA Circulars

Note. The Circulars set out below were issued by the Department of Company Affairs with reference to sections 370 and 372A of the Act, which now have been rendered inoperative by the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1999. Therefore, these Circulars should be read in light of the provisions of section 372A.

6.1 Section 370: Guiding principles for considering applications under sections 370 and 372. In considering the applications received under these sections that following guiding principles have been formulated by the Department:

(1) although industrial and trading companies are not investment corporations and it is not their primary business to give financial accommodation to, or make investments in the shares and debentures of other companies, they should be allowed to make trade investments in other companies. viz., investments which are likely to create conditions conducive to the interest of the investing company, as well as to other companies' more economic working and betterment of production. An example in point would be an investment by a sugar company in a company which produces sugarcane with a view to supply sugarcane to the sugar company;

(2) a company should be allowed to make the investment only if it has adequate resources for making the investments and if the depletion of the working capital which would result from the blocking up of the funds of the company in the form of investments would not adversely affect the company's own working;

(3) a company that has resorted to borrowing for its own requirements or intends to finance its investment by borrowing, should not be permitted to do so, except in the case of trade investments if the terms of borrowing are commensurate with the return expected both directly in terms of dividend and indirectly through creation of conditions conducive to the interest of the investing company;

(4) inter-company investments should not be permitted where there is a reasonable suspicion that they are promoted by a desire to gain control over the management of companies or are for speculative or for other mala fide purposes. Where, however, the proposed investment would make the company a subsidiary of the investing company, the investment should be permitted subject to the existence of a reasonable functional relationship between the proposed subsidiary and its holding company or between it and the other subsidiaries of the holding company; and

(5) whether having regard to the considerations set out below the proposed investments may be regarded as sound:

(i) the company in which the investment is proposed to be made should be in a sound financial position and, in particular, the depreciation provision made should be adequate;

(ii) the financial structure of the company in which the investment is proposed to be made after taking into account the proposed investment, should be a balanced one as otherwise idle capital or heavy interest charges would act as an economic drag on the working of the company;

(iii) the company in which investment is proposed should have earned profits and declared dividends in the past or should at least clearly be capable of making profits and declaring dividends within a reasonable period of time;

(iv) the purchase price should be reasonable and neither too high nor too low, taking into account the net worth, prevailing market prices and future expectations of profitability;

(v) the proposed investment should provide an expected return on capital at least equal to the return on gilt-edged securities; and

(vi) except in the case of trade investments, the shares or debentures proposed to be acquired should preferably be readily marketable.[22]




6.2 Section 370: Applicability of sections 295 and 370. On a query whether approval of government is required for the continuance of loan, guarantee etc., the Department clarified that the provisions of section 370 would not be applicable to the loans made, guarantees given or securities provided by the exempted companies even though they cease to be so and the compliance of section 370 would not be required, if such loans, guarantees, or securities are continued after the exemption under sub-section (2) of section 370 ceases to exist.[23]

6.3 Section 370: Need for passing special resolution under section 370. As section 370 of the Act has been extensively amended by Companies (Amendment) Act, 1965 and has come into force with effect from 1-4-1967 in its amended form, the position with regard to the passing of special resolution has been reviewed by the Department particularly in view of the Explanations below sub-section (1) of said section. It has now been decided that,

(a) in case the loan is proposed to be given upto 20% or 30%, as the case may be, of the subscribed capital and free reserves of the lending company, it is not necessary for the lending company to set out the material terms of each individual loan in the special resolution to be passed under section 370 of the Act,

(b) in cases, where it is proposed to make loans in excess of the limit of 20%, or 30% as the case may be, for which approval of the Central Government is also required to be obtained, it would be necessary for the lending company either to disclose the material terms of each individual loan, i.e. name of the borrowing company, amount of loan proposed to be given, nature and value of the security offered, rate of interest proposed to be charged etc. or to specify a certain limit in clear terms upto which the loans in excess of the limits prescribed in sub-section (1) of section 370 of the Act can be made, in the special resolution to be passed by the lending company. The full details of the loan will, of course, have to be given in the application to be made to Central Government/Company Law Board for obtaining approval under section 370 (1), ibid.[24]


6.4 Section 370: Loans by subsidiaries to the holding companies. The guiding principles, for considering the applications under section 370 were considered adequate except in cases where a subsidiary company proposes to advance loans to its holding company. It has now been decided that where a subsidiary company is wholly owned by the borrowing company the advancing of loan by it should be allowed if the loan otherwise deserves approval on merit. In cases, however, of partly owned subsidiaries, the present policy of discouraging upstream loans, should continue, as advancing of loans by partly-owned subsidiaries may be against the interest of minority shareholders.[25]

6.5 Section 370: Application of section 370(1B)(iii) to Government companies. The President or the Governor holds shares in companies by virtue of the constitutional provisions which permit Union or the State acquiring holding and disposing of properties and also to carry on business by the Union or the State. Since the President or the Governor does not hold the shares and exercises or controls voting rights as "Individual" in Government companies, the provisions of sub-section (1B)(iii) of the section 370 of the Companies Act, 1956 will not be attracted. In the aforesaid premises, the Government companies will not be deemed to be under the same management within the meaning of section 370 of the Companies Act, 1956.[26]

6.6 Section 370: Loans given by exempted companies when can be taken into account for the purpose of ceiling. The loans given by any company during the period when it was an exempted company by virtue of sub-section (2) of section 370 of the Companies Act, 1956 have to be taken into account while computing 30 per cent ceiling prescribed under section 370.[27]

6.7 Clarification regarding applicability of the provisions of section 295/370 of the Companies Act, 1956 in respect of inter-corporate deposits. I am directed to say that the issue relating to applicability of the provisions of section 295/370 of the Companies Act, 1956 in respect of inter-corporate deposits has been reconsidered in this Department in consultation with the Law Ministry. It has been advised by the Law Ministry that deposits kept by one company with another company is 'loan' as envisaged under section 295/370 of the Companies Act, and, therefore, the provisions of section 370 of the Companies Act, are attracted in such a case. In this connection, your attention is invited to the decision of Rajasthan High Court in Totalal v State (1963) 1 Comp LJ 133 (Raj): AIR 1963 Raj 6.

6.8 Section 372: Effect of display of investments as stock-in-trade in accounts. A company which was carrying on manufacturing business was also authorised by the objects clause of its memorandum of association to do investment business. Under section 49 all investments of a company are required to be held in its own name. This requirement is, however, not applicable to companies whose principal business consists of the buying and selling of shares or securities. In this case, though the company was carrying on manufacturing business and this was its principal business, the company had shown its investments as stock-in-trade, as if it were an investment company permitted to do so under section 49(4).

The Department, in this case, felt that the provisions of section 372 were contravened. [28]

6.9 Section 372: Guiding principles for considering applications. Section 372 of the Companies Act, as amended by the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1960, seeks to regulate investments by a company in other bodies corporate, whether in the same group or outside the same group as the investing company, beyond certain prescribed limits. The provisions of this section are, however, not applicable to a private company which is not a subsidiary of a public company.

The amended section 372 provides that the board of directors of a company shall be entitled to invest in any shares or debentures of another body corporate upto 10% of the subscribed capital of the latter, provided,

(i) the aggregate of such investments made in all other bodies corporate shall not exceed 30% of the subscribed capital of the investing company; and

(ii) the aggregate of such investments made in all other bodies corporate in the same group as the investing company shall not exceed 20% of the subscribed capital of the investing company.

In computing, at any time, the percentages specified above, the aggregate of all the investments made by investing company in other body or bodies corporate, whether before or after the commencement of the Amendment Act, upto that time, is required to be taken into account.

The limit of 30% is not, however, applicable to an investment company, i.e., a company whose whole or substantially the whole business is the acquisition of shares, stock, debentures or other securities. The prescribed limits are not also applicable to investments in 'rights' shares offered in terms of clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 81 of the Act, provided that when, at any time, the investing company intends to make any investments in shares other than 'rights' shares, then in computing, at that time, any of the aforesaid percentage limits, the existing investments, if any, made in 'rights' shares upto that time are required to be included in the aggregate of the investments of the company. The restrictions imposed by the section on investments in companies outside the same group do not, however, apply to investments in debentures of companies outside the same group as the investing company.

The following clarifications are given for the information and guidance of all concerned:

(1) Previous approval of the company in general meeting and of the Central Government is required to be obtained before a company invests in the shares of another body corporate in excess of the limits prescribed in the section. As the Central Government will not accord ex-post facto approval to any investment attracting section 372(4), any such investment made without the prior approval of Government would attract the penal provisions of section 374.

(2) If a company proposes to make investments in the shares of another company which will have the effect of making the letter company its subsidiary after such investment, the Central Government's prior approval will be required in terms of section 372(4). Only such investments as are made by a holding company in its subsidiary after it became a holding company are saved by the provisions of clause (d) of sub-section (14) of section 322.

(3) In calculating the aggregate of the investments made in all other bodies corporate, for the purpose of computing the percentages specified in sub-section (2) and the provisos thereto, the investments made by a company in its subsidiary or subsidiaries must also be taken into account.

(4) For purposes of calculating the prescribed limit of 20% or 30% of the subscribed capital of the investing company, the actual cost of the investments (and not the nominal value of the shares to be purchased or subscribed) is to be taken into account; the limit of 10% of the subscribed capital of the 'investee' company is however, to be computed on the basis of the full normal value of the shares of that company proposed to be purchased or subscribed.

(5) In view of the specific provisions contained in sub-section (5) of section 372, the power of the board of directors to invest the funds of a company in the shares of another body corporate in pursuance of sub-section (2) of the said section cannot be delegated to any committee or director, the managing director, the manager or any other person specified in the first proviso to section 292(1).

(6) As the provisions of the amended section have no retrospective effect, the investments made by a company prior to 28th December, 1960, in accordance with the provisions of the Act obtaining at that time, would not require the approval of the Central Government under section 373 of the Act even if the percentage limits prescribed in section 372(2) had been exceeded. Nor would a company be required to dispose of any of the said investments so as to conform to the said percentage limits. Such investments will, however, have to be taken into account for purposes of computing the aggregate of the investments as provided in sub-section (3) of section 372.

(7) When a private company is converted into a public company or becomes a public company by virtue of the provisions of section 43A, the investments made by it prior to the date of its becoming a public company would not be hit by the provisions of either section 372(4) or section 373, and it would not, therefore, be necessary for that company to dispose of any of the said investments so as to bring them down to the percentage limits prescribed in section 372(2). Such investments will, however, have to be taken into account for purposes of computing the aggregate of the investments as provided in section 372(3).

(8) As companies dealing in shares, stocks, debentures and other securities have not been exempted from the operation of section 372, investments which are held by such companies as part of stock-in-trade will be hit by the restrictive provisions of section 372. The limit of 30% applies to all investments by a company in the share of any other body corporate, irrespective of whether such shares are held for short or long periods or as long-term investment or for sale or purchase. Investment companies, however, will not be subject to the 30% limit in view of the provisions of sub-section (13) of the said section.

(9) A company seeking Government's approval under section 372(4) must specify in its application the name or names of the company or companies whose shares/debentures are proposed to be purchased or subscribed. In other words, this Department would not entertain applications for 'blanket' approval of investments in such companies as the Board of the investing company may decide from time to time, without specifying either their names or the particulars of the proposed investments.

All the applications for Government's approval under section 372(4) are required to be made in Form 34B prescribed by the Companies (Central Government's) General Rules and Forms (Amendment) Rules, 1961 accompanied by the treasury challan in token of payment of the appropriate fee prescribed by the Companies (Fees on Applications) Rules, 1962. In considering the applications received under this section, the following guiding principles have been formulated by the Department.

(a) although industrial and trading companies are not investment corporations and it is not their primary business to give financial accommodation to, or make investments in the shares and debentures of other companies, they may be allowed to make trade investments in other companies, viz., investments which are likely to create conditions conducive to the interest of the investing company, as well as to the other companies' more economic working and betterment of production. An example in point would be an investment by a sugar company in a company which produces sugarcane with a view to supplying the sugarcane to the sugar company;

(b) a company may be allowed to make the investments only if it has adequate liquid resources for making the investments and if the depletion of the working capital which would result from the blocking of the funds of the company in the form of investments would not adversely affect the company's own working;

(c) a company that has resorted to borrowing for its own requirements or intends to finance its investment by borrowing, should not be permitted to make the investments, except in the case of trade-investments if the terms of borrowing are commensurate with the return expected both directly in terms of dividend and indirectly through creation of conditions conducive to the interests of the investing company;

(d) inter-company investments should not be permitted where there is a reasonable suspicion that they are prompted by a desire to gain control over the management of companies or are for speculative or for other mala fide purposes. Where, however, the proposed investment would make the other company a subsidiary of the investing company, the investment may be permitted provided that there is a reasonable functional relationship between the proposed subsidiary and its holding company or between it and the other subsidiaries of the holding company; and

(e) whether having regard to the considerations set out below, the proposed investment may be regarded as sound:

(i) the company in which the investment is proposed to be made should be in a sound financial position, and in particular the depreciation provisions made should be adequate;

(ii) the financial structure of the company in which the investment is proposed to be made, after taking into account the proposed investment, should be a balanced one as otherwise idle capital or heavy interest charges would act as an economic drag in the working of the company;

(iii) the company in which investment is proposed should have earned profits and declared dividends in the past or should at least clearly be capable of making profits and declaring dividends within a reasonable period of time;

(iv) the purchase price should be reasonable and neither too high nor too low, taking into account the net worth, prevailing market prices and future expectations of profitability;

(v) the proposed investment should provide an expected return on capital at least equal to the return on gilt-edged securities; and

(vi) except in the case of trade investments, the shares or debentures proposed to be acquired should preferably be readily marketable.

It should, however, be made clear that the above principles are only illustrative and not exhaustive and that each application is considered and disposed of by a Government on it own merits and in the light of the facts and circumstances of each case.[29]

6.10 Section 372: Meaning of investment company. The question as to whether a particular share trading company which deploys its funds for short-term transaction in buying and selling shares is an investment company or not is one of fact which has to be determined in relation to the actual business transacted by it. The Department is inclined to the opinion that a company should be treated as an investment company if the whole or substantially the whole of its business relates to shares, securities, stock and debentures, etc. A share trading company may take advantage of these provisions of section 372 if it can be classed as an investment company. This view of the Government, however, need not be taken as an authoritative interpretation of law.[30]

In the Department's opinion whether a company is or is not an investment company and the business which it should or should not transact to fall within the provision of the definition of an "investment company" within the meaning of section 372(10) is actually a question of fact. The words used in the section are "whose principal business is the acquisition of shares . . .". These words imply that the company concerned is expected to hold the shares, etc., acquired by it for a reasonable time.[31]

6.11 Section 372: Some clarifications under section 372

Query 1. Referring to the provision of the section, in terms of which a company cannot invest in the shares of any other body corporate more than 10% of the subscribed capital of such body corporate, a query was raised as to whether this restriction applied to a company which dealt in shares and it was contended that the intention behind this restriction was that a person might not exercise more than 10% of the total voting rights but in cases of "Badla business", where purchases and sales were simultaneously made on blank transfers with a view to getting higher interest, the question of exercising any right did not arise.

Answer. The department is of the view that there is no exemption in the case of company, which deals in shares. If, however, the company is an investment company the first proviso to sub-section (2) of section 372 may not apply vide sub-section (13) thereof.

Query 2. Whether in the case of a company dealing in shares i.e. purchasing them on one hand and selling them on the other, such purchases at frequent intervals during the course of the business were covered by section 372.

Answer. Yes.

Query 3. Whether a company having overdraft facilities which were not fully utilised could invest in other companies from the surplus of the overdraft facilities if it had power only to invest the surplus funds.

Answer. The so-called surplus of the overdraft facility cannot be called a surplus of the company's funds to be utilised for investment in another company.[32]

Query 4. One of the main business of a share dealing company is to acquire shares etc, but equally main business is also to sell the same. From all equitable proposition, a share dealing company should be free to invest more than 30% as its main object is to deal in shares etc. Therefore it is necessary that the position be clarified in this respect.

Answer. Attention is invited to the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 49 and also sub-section (13) of section 372 read with the proviso to sub-section (10) of the section. Whether for purposes of section 372 a particular share trading company which deploys its funds for short-term transactions in buying and selling shares is an investment company or not, is a question of fact which has to be determined in relation to the actual business transacted by it. If the whole or substantially the whole of the business of a company relates to dealing in shares, stock, debentures, or other securities, it may be treated as an investment company for purposes of section 372.[33]

6.12 Calculation for the purpose of ceiling limits. In calculating the limits of 20 per cent and 30 per cent laid down in sub-section (2) of section 372 of the Companies Act, 1956 the cost of the investment (i.e. the cost price to the investing company of the shares purchased) should be taken into consideration. However, in calculating the limit of 10 per cent of the subscribed capital of the other body corporate, the nominal value of the shares of such body corporate should be taken into account.[34]

6.13 Section 372: Clarification on exemptions of section 372. The exemption in sub-section (14) of section 372 relates to the making of investments by the companies mentioned therein. It does not apply to the calculation of percentage limits specified in sub-section (2). Thus, while a holding company could make further investments in a subsidiary without Government's approval by virtue of the exemption under this sub-section, its investments in that subsidiary would count for calculation of the 30% limit specified in sub-section (2), if it wanted to make any investment in the shares of another company.[35]

6.14 Section 372: Clarification Whether the types of investments mentioned in sub-section (14) have to be omitted for computing the ceiling in sub-section (2). Reference is made to the clarification contained in clause (iii) of para 15 of the circular letter No. 48(50)-CL-IV/61, dated the 9th January, 1962 of the erstwhile Department of Company Law Administration, Ministry of Commerce and Industry which reads as under:

"(iii) In calculating the aggregate of the investments made in all other bodies corporate, for the purpose of computing the percentage specified in sub-section (2) and the provisos thereto, the investments made by a company in its subsidiary or subsidiaries must also be taken into account."

2. In a recent case a company made investments in the shares of another company without obtaining the approval under section 372 even though by making that investment, total investments made in the shares of all other companies exceeded 30% of its subscribed capital. It was, however, urged by the company that if investments made in the shares of its subsidiary companies and the companies managed by it were excluded, the particular investment made in the shares of the other company would be within the permissible limit of 30% of its subscribed capital and therefore approval under section 372(4) was not required for making that investment. Since a doubt regarding the legality of the above interpretation of section 372 was raised, the Company Law Board has reconsidered the matter in consultation with the Ministry of Law and it has been advised that the investments enumerated under sub-section (14) are to be excluded from calculation in considering the limits prescribed in sub-section (2) and the proviso thereto. As sub-section (14) of section 372 of the Companies Act, 1956 provides that this section shall not apply to certain companies and to certain types of investments mentioned in sub-clauses (a) to (e) of that sub-section, it virtually means that the limits placed by the section on the power of an investing company to invest in the shares of any other body corporate are exclusive of the investments made by a holding company in its subsidiary or by a managing agent or secretaries and treasurers in a company managed by him or them vide sub-clauses (d) and (e).[36]

Sub-section (14) of section 372 provides that the provisions of section 372 shall not apply to (a) any banking or insurance company; (b) a private company, unless it is a subsidiary of a public company; (c) any company established with the object of financing, whether by way of making loans or advances to, or subscribing to the capital of, private industrial enterprises in India, in any case where the Central Government has made or agreed to make to the company a special advance for the purpose or has guaranteed or agreed to guarantee the payment of moneys borrowed by the company from any institution outside India; (d) investment by a holding company in its subsidiary; or (e) investments made by a managing agent or secretaries and treasurers in a company managed by him or them.

The legal position regarding the continuation of inter-corporate investments made by the abovementioned exempted companies after they cease to be so exempted being similar, the administrative instructions of the Company Law Board as mentioned under section 295(2) [see Clarification at Sl. No. 398 on p. 289 ante] will also apply to such investments mutatis mutandis.[37]

6.15 Section 372: Applicability of the provisions of section 372(4). I am directed to refer to this Department's Circular Letter No. 7(41)-CL-Vi/66, dated the 1st May, 1967 and to say that on reconsideration of the question whether continuation of investment after cessation of exemption would require compliance of this section, the Company Law Board has been advised that the intercorporate investments made by the exempted companies mentioned in sub-section (14) of section 372, and are outstanding after the cessation of exemption under section 372(14), would not come within the restrictions contained in section 372 and the compliance of the said section would not, therefore, be required in this regard.[38]

6.16 Section 372: Investments in excess of statutory limits Effect. As section 372 contemplates the previous approval of the Central Government to investments in excess of the prescribed limits, Government have no power to regularise the investments already made by a company in excess of the prescribed limits. The policy of the department in such cases has been to advise the company concerned to dispose of the excess investments within a specified period. In this connection, a question arose as to whether, in a case where the company failed to dispose of its excess investments, the name of the investing company should continue to remain on the register of members of the other company in which investment had been made or whether rectification of the register of members of the other company was necessary under section 155. The department is of the view that action under section 155 was necessary in all such cases as the investment in question was void and ineffective. All the registrars of companies have been instructed to draw the attention of the companies concerned to the legal position set out above.

A question recently arose whether the provisions of section 372 of the Act would be applicable to the subscription to the memorandum of association of a new company by an existing company through its nominees. Government is of the view that where subscribers to the memorandum of association of a new company or an existing public company or its nominees, such subscription amounts to the letter company subscribing for shares in the former attracting thereby section 372 of the Act.[39]

6.17 Section 372: Purchase of units of the Unit Trust of India by a company. The units issued by the Unit Trust of India under section 21 of the Unit Trust of India Act, 1963 are not shares as understood in Company Law and hence the investments made by a company in the purchase of units issued by the Unit Trust does not attract the provisions of section 372 of the Companies Act, 1956.[40]

6.18 Section 372: Inter-corporate investments beyond statutory limits made without prior approval. On a plain reading of the said sub-section (4) it is clear that there are two conditions precedent to be fulfilled before the investing company can make any investment in the shares of any body corporate in excess of the percentage specified in sub-section (2) and the proviso thereto.

(2) The two conditions precedent are:

(i) investment has to be sanctioned by resolution of the investing company in general meeting; and

(ii) it has to be approved by the Central Government.

The words "shall not make any investment" are clear enough to show the intention of the legislators that it is a mandatory bar and that bar can be removed only on fulfillment of the two conditions precedent mentioned above. According in our opinion, the Central Government's prior approval is necessary in terms of section 372(4); otherwise such investment shall be ultra vires.

(3) Regarding the two judgments cited by the company in this letter dated 9th April, 1969 at page 28/c we have to observe that the language of the sections interpreted in those two cases are different from that of section 372(4). Section 372(4) opens with the words "Investing company shall not make any investment". The legislators thereby intended to put a general bar on such investments relaxable on fulfillment of special conditions mentioned therein. With great respect, we may add that the word "approval" does not always mean approval of a past act already done, but may also mean approval of future act to be done.

(4) Having regard to the scheme of section 372 of the Act which stipulates that save as otherwise provided, a company shall not be entitled to subscribe for or purchase the shares of any body corporate beyond the limits specified and the investing company shall not make any such investment unless the investment is sanctioned by a resolution of the investing company in general meeting and unless further it is approved by the Central Government, and having regard to the provisions of section 23 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, any investment is unlawful and void if it is forbidden by law or is of such nature that if permitted, would defeat the provisions of any law.

(5) Since section 374 merely provides for the imposition of fine in case of the investing company making a default in complying with the provisions of section 372 excluding sub-sections (6) and (7), the question whether or not the penalty imposed by section 374 is tantamount to the prohibition of the act for which the penalty has been imposed in the Statute has also been considered by us.



(6) Where the penalty is imposed with the object of protecting the public, the act must be taken to be prohibited and no action can be maintained by the offending party on a contract which is in contravention of the Statute. Since the penalty imposed by section 374 for contravention of the provisions of section 372 with a view to protecting the public, any agreement to subscribe for or purchase of shares in contravention of section 372 is void and ineffective in law. As such a transaction which is forbidden in public interest could not be made lawful by paying a penalty for it.

(7) In view of the ruling in Trevor v Whitworth (1887) 12A 409, "a company cannot employ its funds for the purpose of any transactions which do not come within the objects specified in the memorandum" (in this case such transactions do not come within the Act), it is ultra vires the powers of the company. It is ultra vires of a company to act beyond the scope of its memorandum. Any attempted departure will be invalid and cannot be validated even if assented by all the members of the company.[41]

6.19 Section 372: Acquisition of shares by virtue of schemes of reorganisation and arrangement Whether prior approval is required?. Sometimes companies acquire shares of other companies by virtue of schemes of reorganisation and arrangement under section 391 of the Companies Act, 1956. Since this Department is a statutory party to such schemes in view of section 394A of the Act, it has been decided that approval of this Department under section 372 will not be necessary to investments made in such cases. It has also been decided that since in such cases, notices are received by the Regional Directors under section 393A of the Act, they may scrutinise such schemes and bring to the notice of the courts the requirements of section 372 of the Companies Act so that the court, may keep this aspect also in view while passing orders on such schemes under section 391/394 of the Companies Act.[42]

6.20 Section 372: Nature of approval under sub-section (4) of section 372. The question now raised by the Department of Company Affairs is whether the approval of the Central Government required under section 372(4) of the Companies Act, 1956 should be the prior approval of the Government.

(2) The Act requires the approval or sanction of the Central Government in respect of various matters. The question as to whether such approval or sanction should be the previous approval or sanction or whether it can be the subsequent approval or sanction will depend on the context in which expression "approval" or "sanction" is used in the provisions of the Act under consideration.

(3) Section 372(4), so far as it is relevant for the purpose under consideration, provides that the investing company shall not make any investment in the shares of any other body corporate beyond a specified limit, unless such investment is approved by the Central Government. It appears that if the investment beyond the specified limit is to be valid and effective in law, it must have the prior approval of the Central Government. The expression "unless" usually indicates that what follows it is intended to serve as a condition precedent to what precedes it. In view thereof as well as having regard to the context in which the word "approval" is used in the said section, it may well be urged that the approval of the Central Government contemplated by the section is the prior approval.

(4) In view of the above, the approval of the Central Government regarding the investment proposed to be made by the investing company beyond a specified limit as contemplated by section 372(4) is the prior approval of the Central Government.

6.21 Section 372: Whether the section is applicable to subscribing to memorandum of association by a company. A question recently arose whether the provisions of section 372 would be applicable to the subscription to the memorandum of association of a new company by an existing company through its nominees. This question has been carefully examined in this Department and they have been advised that where subscribers to the memorandum of association of a new company are an existing public company and/or its nominees, such subscription amounts to the latter company subscribing for shares in the former, attracting thereby section 372. The position is further explained in the following paragraphs:

In the case of a company with share capital, each subscriber to the memorandum shall write opposite to his name the number of shares, not being less than one he takes. As provided by section 41, the subscribers to the memorandum are deemed to have agreed to become members of the company and on its registration shall be entered as members in its register of members. Thus, the said subscribers automatically become members and holders of the shares for which they have subscribed. They have not to apply for shares and await the chances of allotment as in the case of other subscribers for the shares in the company. No allotment of shares is required in the case of subscribers to the memorandum. By subscribing to the memorandum of association of a company, the subscribers undertake to subscribe for the number of shares in that company written opposite to their names; and subscription has been held to mean taking or agreeing to take unissued shares for cash.

In view of the legal position set out above, where company 'A' and/or its nominees are the signatories to the memorandum of association of company 'B' (to be formed) and the number of shares which company 'A' either by itself or through its nominee undertakes to subscribe in company 'B' exceeds the percentage limits specified in sub-section (2) of section 372, the subscription of the said shares by company 'A' would attract the provisions of sub-section (4) of section 372 and company 'B' can be registered only after the requirements of section 372(4) are complied with by company 'A'. I am to add that for purposes of computing the limits of 10 per cent of the "subscribed capital" of company 'B', the total number of shares agreed to be taken up by all the signatories to the memorandum of association of company 'B' should be taken as its "subscribed capital".[43]

6.22 Section 372: Whether provisions of section 372 are applicable to investment in shares of a new company. The provisions of section 372 will apply in the case of investment proposed to be made in the shares of a new company.[44]

6.23 Section 372: Whether rights shares offered by a private company qualify for exemption under the first proviso to sub-section (4)

Query: The first proviso to sub-section (4) of section 372 reads as follows:

"Provided that the investing company may at any time invest up to any amount in shares offered to it under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 81 (hereafter in this section referred to as rights shares) irrespective of the aforesaid percentages".

An investing company, which is a public company, holds a large number of shares in a private company. The private company is not its subsidiary. The private company offers to the public company a certain number of rights shares in accordance with its articles of association. The shares offered to the investing company would, if accepted and allotted, be in excess of the permissible percentage of shares of the private company, which such investing company is permitted to subscribe for under sub-section (2), read with sub-section (3), of section 372. Since section 81 does not apply to the private company, the rights shares offered by it cannot be said to have been offered under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 81. Would such a case, which involves the offer of rights shares as aforesaid, be regarded by the Department of Company Affairs as falling within the terms of the said first proviso to sub-section (4) of section 372?

Answer: The Department's view in the matter is that since private companies are under no obligation to issue rights shares as envisaged in section 81, no company investing in the shares of a private company can be allowed to have the benefit of the exemption contained in the first proviso to sub-section (4) of section 372 which applies to shares offered under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 81.[45]

6.24 Section 372: Some instances of inter-corporate investments

I. 1. A company has made investments in other companies even though the company had no surplus funds and had to resort to heavy borrowings.

2. Investments were made with a view to helping the director to earn profits.

3. Investments were made for cornering shares of other companies to enable the directors or managing agents to gain control over those companies.

4. Inter-company investments were used as a method for manipulating profits.

5. Investments were made to help sister companies even though the investing company suffered a loss thereby.

6. Surplus funds of companies (reserves built up over a period of years or through capital raised) were invested in shares of newly floated companies in no way connected with the business of the investing company.

7. Purchase of shares at a price much higher than the intrinsic value of the shares.

8. In dealing with the application of a tea company under section 372 for approval to the purchase of the entire equity capital of another tea company, it was noticed that the proposed consideration for purchase was that the transferee company should issue its own shares to the shareholders of the transferor company in the ratio of one new share of the transferee company for each three shares of the transferor company. Having regard to the financial position of the companies involved in the proposed arrangement, this ratio appeared to be unduly advantageous to the transferee company. Accordingly, the applicant company was asked to re-examine the position and to make the exchange ratio more realistic. The applicant company was convinced of the necessity for modification of the exchange ratio and the approval of the Central Government under section 372 was accorded on the basis of the revised exchange ratio of one share of the transferee company for two shares of the transferor company.

It was clear that the reconstitution of the board of directors of the company in which investments were made in July, 1958, was made only with a view to circumventing the provisions of section 372.

9. In connection with the consideration of an application under section 372 made by a company whose principal business was the production of cloth, it was noticed that the company had advanced a total sum of Rs. 79 lakhs (6 per cent first mortgaged debentures Rs. 25 lakhs, secured loans Rs. 50 lakhs and unsecured loans Rs. 4 lakhs) to another company whose principal business was also to run a textile factory. These advances were made at a time when the financial position of the company to which assistance was given was patently bad, on the understanding that the management of the company would be transferred to the investing company. As, however, the investing company had not acquired adequate voting rights, they could not get effective control over the management and the financial position of the company went from bad to worse, as a result of which it was taken into compulsory liquidation; but the mills were run as a going concern by the provisional liquidator appointed by the court. At this stage the investing company made an additional commitment by way of guarantee for the loans from banks to be taken by the provisional liquidator up to a ceiling of Rs. 50 lakhs. Subsequently under a scheme of arrangement approved by the court the liquidation of the company was stayed on the basis that the investing company would buy out 11,789 equity shares of Rs. 100 each at a price of Rs. 50 each and would thus convert the other company into a subsidiary of the investing company.

Though the financial position of the company in which the investment was proposed was not sound, the Central Government accorded approval under section 372 in view of the facts that the investment had been proposed in pursuance of a scheme approved by the court and that the further investment was considered necessary to protect the amount already advanced which was of the order of Rs. 1 crore.

10. During the year, Government came across a public limited company with a subscribed and paid-up capital of Rs. 2.25 crores which had a distributable surplus of

Rs. 21.36 lakhs on its trading activities during a particular year. Instead of declaring any cash dividend, the board of directors, however, proposed at the annual general meeting that an amount of Rs. 30 lakhs, representing 20 per cent of the existing equity capital of the company, should be capitalized by the issue of bonus shares for an equivalent amount. The company's proposal for bonus shares was also approved by the Controller of Capital Issues, but, subsequently, on the expiry of about eight months, the board of directors decided, without referring the matter to the shareholders of the company, that an interim cash dividend at the rate of 20 per cent should be paid by the company instead of the bonus issue proposed earlier by the board of directors.

As declaration of interim dividend by the board of directors is permitted under the law, there was no contravention of the Act as such, but the practice of declaring interim dividend in respect of a year, the accounts of which had been already closed by the shareholders in general meeting, did not appear to be good company practice. It may be mentioned incidentally that between the date of the annual general meeting in which the proposal for issue of bonus shares was made and the date on which the board of directors informed the shareholders of their intention to pay interim cash dividend, about 1,84,000 shares of company representing approximately 12 per cent of the entire equity capital of the company changed hands. It is possible that some of the shareholders who might have incurred a loss by disposing of their shares during the above period were induced to sell off the shares because of the original decision of the board not to pay any dividend in cash.[46]

II. A company which was carrying on manufacturing business was also authorised by the objects clause of its memorandum of association to do investment business. Under section 49, all investments of a company are required to be held in its own name. This requirement is, however, not applicable to companies whose principal business consists of the buying and selling of shares or securities. In this case, though the company was carrying on manufacturing business and this was its principal business, the company had shown its investments as stock-in-trade, as if it were an investment company permitted to do so under section 49(4). The Department in this case, felt that the provisions of section 372 were contravened.[47]

III. A public company sold certain shares held by it in another company to a third party on the understanding that the company would have the option of repurchasing them within a certain period. Subsequently, the company exercised its option to buy-back the aforesaid shares within the stipulated period. As the company whose shares were involved in the transaction fell under the same group as the investing company and as the investments exceeded the limit of 10 per cent of the subscribed capital of the other company, the Central Government's approval under section 372 was required before the shares were repurchased. When the matter was taken up with the company, it explained that in its view the repurchase of the shares did not amount to investment for purposes of section 372 as the actual investment was made by the company in December, 1951 when the shares in question were first acquired by it. According to its legal adviser the subsequent sale and purchase was more of the nature of a pledge rather than of sale and investment.

As the Department could not accept this view, the company was advised to dispose of the shares in question. As, however, it appeared that there was no wilfull or deliberate contravention of section 372, the penal provisions of the Act were not invoked.

A public company decided to dispose of its assets to certain parties against payment of the sale proceeds in the shape of shares held by the purchases in two other companies. Consequently, the company applied to Government for approval of the investments in the shares of the said two companies, as the investment was likely to attract the provisions of section 372. The applicant company had stopped the working of its mills and its financial position was very unsatisfactory in that the entire share capital had been wiped out. It was explained by the company that its shareholders and creditors belonged to the same family and that the latter were also shareholders in the two companies whose shares were proposed to be acquired in return for the sale of its assets. The financial position of one of the two companies whose shares were proposed to be acquired was also not such as to justify the acquisition of its shares at par value. According to the applicant, the shareholders had approved of the transaction as a preliminary to the winding up of the company after going through the process of law and that the sale proceeds, whether in the shape of shares proposed to be acquired or in cash, were intended to be distributed among the shareholders.

As the company appeared to be unable to pay its debts and as its business activities had been suspended, it was felt by the Department that the proposed sale of the assets would have the effect of by passing the company's creditors who should be really entitled, in the sale proceeds. The proposal of the company was therefore rejected.[48]

IV. While considering applications under section 372, it was noticed that the main reason urged by a few companies in support of their proposed investments in other companies was that they would be acting as sole selling agents of the investee companies and as such the proposed investments would be conducive to the business of both the companies.

Government, however, considered that investment by a sole selling agency was unhealthy, and that in such cases, it would be better that the investee company should either be a wholly-owned subsidiary company of the investing company or the investing company should sever its connection as selling agent of the investee company.

A public company sought the approval of Government for investment already made by it in another company without obtaining the previous approval of Government. The application was rejected by Government and the company was asked to dispose of its investments within a specified period. Thereupon the officers of the company invoked the provisions of section 633(2), it was not considered necessary to dispose of the investments made in contravention of section 372.

As the Department was advised that the name of the concerned company should not be allowed to remain on the register of members of the other company whose shares were purchased in contravention of section 372, the company was again advised to dispose of the excess investments. The other company was also advised to take action for rectification of its register of members under section 155.[49]

V. A company was registered as a private company with three subscribers to its memorandum of association, two of whom were individuals subscribing certain number of shares each, while the third subscriber was a public company with only one share against its name. The articles of association of the new company contained a provision which empowered the subscriber company to appoint or remove all the directors of the new company with the result that the latter became a subsidiary of the former under section 4(1)(a). Three days after the date of the incorporation of the new company, the public company referred to above purchased some of the shares from the other two subscribers and subsequently the remaining shares were also purchased by it from them. Such purchases did not, however, require the approval of Government under section 372 as the new company had already become a subsidiary of the public company, by virtue of the provision in the articles of the new company mentioned above.

In the view of the Department, this was a clear case of circumvention of section 372 and was not in consonance with good company practice.[50]

6.25 Section 372A: Inter-corporate loans and investments –Board parameters for compliance with section 372A – Companies should refrain from passing a resolution for investment much beyond net worth – Companies should indicate in explanatory statement the specific securities in which it is proposed to invest. 1. The provisions in the Companies Act, 1956, relating to inter-corporate investments, loans and guarantees have been recently liberalised by the Government through Companies (Amendment) Act, 1999. However, apprehensions have been expressed in some quarters with regard to possible mis¬use of these provisions by companies. I shall, therefore, be grateful if the chambers could draw the attention of their constituents to the following:

(i) The companies are expected to obtain the approval for making investments into securities or grant of loan to other companies of amounts which are linked with company's available financial resources and the resolution, for investment much beyond the net worth should not be passed by the companies.

(ii) The companies should specifically indicate in the explanatory statement to the resolution, the specific securities in which it is proposed to invest the amount. En bloc approval should normally be avoided (except in the case of guarantee where the resolution can indicate an amount on annual basis).

2. If the above broad parameters are not complied with, the Government will be constrained to take suitable action against those who contravene these.[51]

SECRETARIAL PRACTICE

I. Checklist on inter-corporate investments

1. Did the company make any investment in any securities?

2. Was any investment made by the company despite that it had committed any default in complying with any requirement of section 58A or the Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules, 1975?

3. Did such investments attract the provisions of section 372A, in the light of the following criteria:

• the investment was ‘securities’ as defined in section 2(45AA) of the Companies Act;

• the investee entity was a ‘body corporate’ within the meaning of section 2(7); and

• the investment was not one of the exempted categories specified in sub-section (8)(a) or (b)?

4. In case the investment attracted section 372A, was the total amount of the investment (face value plus premium the purchase price or cost) together with the then existing inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities not in excess of

• 60% the aggregate of the paid-up share capital and free reserves; or

• 100% free reserves of the company,

• as per the latest audited Balance Sheet?

5. Did the Board of Directors approve the investment by its unanimous resolution passed at a Board meeting?

6. Had the Board of Directors delegated the power of making inter-corporate investments?

7. If so, was such resolution passed with the consent of all directors present at the meeting (other than interested directors, if any)?

8. Did the resolution delegating the power comply with the requirements of section 292(3)?

9. Did the company obtain prior approval of the public financial institution/s referred to in section 4A from which the company had borrowed any money and any amount is outstanding?

10. If the investment was in excess of either of the two limits mentioned above, besides a unanimous Board resolution, was the investment approved by the company at a general meeting by special resolution?

11. Did the special resolution or the explanatory statement appended to the notice contain the following information:

• specific limit/s upto which the investment/s is/are proposed to be made;

• particulars of the body corporate in which the investment is proposed to be made;

• purpose of the investment;

• specific sources of funding; and

• other relevant details.

12. Were the following documents filed electronically with the Registrar’s office within 30 days after the general meeting:

(a) e-Form No. 23;

(b) a certified true copy of the special resolution;

(c) certified true copy of the explanatory statement (if any)?

13. Did the company enter details of the investment as specified in sub-section (8) in the Register maintained under this section?

II. Checklist on inter-corporate loans

1. Did the company give any loan to any person?

2. Was any loan given by the company despite that it had committed any default in complying with any requirement of section 58A or the Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules, 1975?

3. Did such loan attract the provisions of section 372A, in the light of the following criteria:

• the borrowing entity was a ‘body corporate’ within the meaning of section 2(7) and

• the loan was not one of the exempted categories specified in sub-section (8)(a) or (b)?

4. In case the loan attracted section 372A, was the total amount of the loan, together with the then existing inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities not in excess of

• 60% the aggregate of the paid-up share capital and free reserves; or

• 100% free reserves of the company,

• as per the latest audited Balance Sheet?

5. Did the Board of Directors approve the loan by its unanimous resolution passed at a Board meeting?

6. Had the Board of Directors delegated the power of giving inter-corporate loans?

7. If so, was such resolution passed with the consent of all directors present at the meeting (other than interested directors, if any)?

8. Did the resolution delegating the power comply with the requirements of section 292(4)?

9. Did the company obtain prior approval of the public financial institution/s referred to in section 4A from which the company had borrowed any money and any amount is outstanding?

10. If the loan was in excess of either of the two limits mentioned above, besides a unanimous Board resolution, was the investment approved by the company at a general meeting by special resolution?

11. Did the special resolution or the explanatory statement append to the notice contain the following information:

• specific limit/s upto which loan/s is/are proposed to be given;

• particulars of the body corporate to which the loan/s is/are proposed to be given;

• purpose of the loan/s;

• specific sources of funding; and

• other relevant details.

12. Were the following documents filed electronically with the Registrar’s office within 30 days after the general meeting:

(a) e-Form No. 23;

(b) a certified true copy of the special resolution;

(c) certified true copy of the explanatory statement (if any)?

13. Did the company enter details of the loans given as specified in sub-section (8) in the Register maintained under this section?

III. Checklist on inter-corporate guarantees and securities

1. Did the company give any guarantee/security in connection with a loan given

• by any person to any body corporate; or

• to any person by any body corporate?

2. Was any guarantee/security given by the company despite that it had committed any default in complying with any requirement of section 58A of the Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules, 1975?

3. Did such guarantee/security attract the provisions of section 372A, in the light of the following criteria:

• the borrowing/lending entity was a ‘body corporate’ within the meaning of section 2(7), and

• the guarantee/security was not one of the exempted categories specified in sub-section (8)(a) or (b)?

4. In case the guarantee/security attracted section 372A, was the total amount of the guarantee/security, together with the then existing inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities not in excess of

• 60% the aggregate of the paid-up share capital and free reserves; or

• 100% free reserves of the company,

• as per the latest audited Balance Sheet?

5. Did the Board of Directors approve the guarantee/security by its unanimous resolution passed at a Board meeting?

6. Had the Board of Directors delegated the power of giving inter-corporate guarantee/security?



7. If so, was such resolution passed with the consent of all directors present at the meeting (other than interested directors, if any)?

8. Did the company obtain prior approval of the public financial institution/s referred to in section 4A from which the company had borrowed any money and any amount is outstanding?

9. If the guarantee/security was in excess of either of the two limits mentioned above, besides an unanimous Board resolution, was the investment approved by the company at a general meeting by special resolution?

10. If an inter-corporate guarantee was in excess of either of the two limits mentioned above and no previous approval by special resolution was secured, were the conditions stipulated in the second proviso to sub-section (1) satisfied?

11. Did the special resolution or the explanatory statement appended to the notice contain the following information:

• specific limit/s upto which guarantee/security was proposed to be given;

• particulars of the body corporate to which the guarantee/security was/were proposed to be given;

• purpose of the guarantee/security;

• specific sources of funding; and

• other relevant details.

12. Were the following documents filed electronically with the Registrar’s office within 30 days after the general meeting:

(a) e-Form No. 23;

(b) a certified true copy of the special resolution;

(c) certified true copy of the explanatory statement (if any)?

13. Did the company enter details of the guarantee/security given as specified in sub-section (8) in the Register maintained under this section?

SPECIMENS & PRECEDENTS

IV. Board resolution to approve the making of investment in shares

The Board approves the investment in ...... equity shares of ....... Limited in an amount not exceeding Rs. ...... and authorizes Mr. ........ Managing Director of the Company to take necessary steps to give effect to this resolution and to sign such share transfer form and such documents as may be necessary.

V. Board resolution to sanction a loan to a body corporate

The Board

(a) approves the making of a loan of Rs. ...... to ...... on the terms mentioned below:

1. The loan will be repayable in ..... equal monthly instalments.

2. The loan will carry interest at the rate of ..... % per annum payable quarterly beginning with the third month from the date of disbursement of the amount of loan.

3. The loan will be secured by ..........

(b) authorizes Mr. ........ Director and Mr. ....... Company Secretary to take necessary steps to give effect to this resolution and to sign such agreements and documents as may be necessary.

VI. Board resolution for delegation of power of making investments

The Board delegates, pursuant to the first proviso to sub-section (1) read with sub-section (3) of section 292 and section 372A of the Companies Act, 1956, to the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors and to Mr. ………… Managing Director, to be exercised by them severally, the power to invest the funds of the Company in any securities of any body corporate without limit;

However, any investment at any time during any financial year in any securities of any body corporate together with loans, guarantees and securities covered by section 372A of the Companies Act (except those investments, loans, guarantees and securities which are exempted under section 372A) must not exceed 60% of the paid up share capital and free reserves of the Company or 100% of free reserves of the Company; whichever is higher, computed pursuant to the latest audited balance sheet of the Company.

The Board authorizes the Finance Committee or the Managing Director to nominate as Authorised Signatory, such officer of the Company as the Committee or the Managing Director may deem fit, for the purpose of signing any application forms, transfer forms or such other documents as may be required to be executed on behalf of the Company, in connection with an investment in any securities in exercise of the power hereby conferred on them.

VII. Board resolution for delegation of power of making loans

The Board delegates, pursuant to the first proviso to sub-section (1) read with sub-section (4) of section 292 and section 372A(2) of the Companies Act, 1956, to the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors and to Mr. …….. Managing Director/ Executive Director/Whole-time Director, to be exercised severally, the power to make loans to any persons, companies or bodies corporate, subject to the following conditions, namely

(a) The total amount of up to which the Finance Committee or the Managing director may make loans shall not exceed Rs. .…..;

(b) The loans may be made for any purpose except any unlawful object or any purpose which will be prejudicial to the business interests of the Company;

(c) Each loan shall be made at such interest, not exceeding …… per annum, as the Finance Committee or the Managing Director may think proper in each individual case;

(d) Each loan shall be secured by such principal or collateral security as the Finance Committee or the Managing Director think fit;

However, any loan made at any time during any financial year to any body corporate, together with loans, guarantees and securities covered by section 372A of the Companies Act (except those investments, loans, guarantees and securities which are exempted under section 372A) must not exceed 60% of the paid up share capital and free reserves of the Company or 100% of free reserves of the Company, whichever is higher, computed pursuant to the latest audited balance sheet of the Company.

The Board also authorizes the Finance Committee or the Managing Director to nominate as Authorised Signatory, such officer of the Company as the Committee or the Managing Director may deem fit, for the purpose of signing any documents as may be required to be executed on behalf of the Company, in connection with any loan in exercise of the power hereby conferred on them.

VIII. Special resolution for loan to a body corporate

The Company authorizes the Board of Directors of the Company to make a loan of Rs. …….. by the Company to …….. [name of body corporate] ……. on the following terms and conditions, namely

(a) ........................;

(b) ........................;

(c) .........................

IX. Board resolution to sanction the giving of a guarantee in connection with a loan to a body corporate

The Board

(a) sanctions the giving of a guarantee in connection with a loan taken by …..... Limited from .....….... of Rs. …...... on the terms mentioned below:

1. The loan will be repayable in …..... equal monthly instalments.

2. The loan will carry interest at the rate of ……... % per annum payable quarterly beginning with the third month from the date of disbursement of the amount of loan.

3. The loan will be secured by ..........

(b) authorizes Mr. ........ Director and Mr. ....... Company Secretary to take necessary steps to give effect to this resolution and to sign such agreements and documents may be necessary.

X. Board resolution to sanction the providing of a security in connection with a

loan to a body corporate

The Board

(a) sanctions the providing of security of the Company’s property, ........., in connection with a loan taken by ...... Limited from ......... of Rs. ...... on the terms mentioned below:

1. The loan will be repayable in ..…... equal monthly instalments.

2. The loan will carry interest at the rate of …..... % per annum payable quarterly beginning with the third month from the date of disbursement of the amount of loan.

3. The loan will be secured by ..........

(b) authorizes Mr. ....…….... Director and Mr. …….... Company Secretary to take necessary steps to give effect to this resolution and to sign such agreements and documents may be necessary.

XI. Board resolution for delegation of power to give guarantees in connection

with loans to or by bodies corporate

The Board delegates, pursuant to section 372A(2) of the Companies Act, 1956, to the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors and to Mr. …………. Managing Director, to be exercised severally, the power to give guarantees in connection with loans made, by any persons to any bodies corporate or to any bodies corporate by any person, subject to the following conditions, namely-

(a) The total amount up to which the Finance Committee or the Managing director may give guarantees shall not exceed Rs. …….;



(b) The guarantees may be made in connection with loans made for any purpose except any unlawful object or any purpose which will be prejudicial to the business interests of the Company;

(c) Each guarantee shall be given at such commission, not exceeding ….% per annum, as the Finance Committee or the Managing Director may think proper in each individual case;

However, any guarantee given at any time during any financial year to any body corporate, together with loans, guarantees and securities covered by section 372A of the Companies Act (except those investments, loans, guarantees and securities which are exempted under section 372A) must not exceed 60% of the paid up share capital and free reserves of the Company or 100% of free reserves of the Company, whichever is higher, computed pursuant to the latest audited balance sheet of the Company;

The Board also authorizes the Finance Committee or the Managing Director to nominate as Authorised Signatory, such officer/s of the Company as the Committee or the Managing Director may deem fit, for the purpose of signing any documents as may be required to be executed on behalf of the Company, in connection with any guarantee given in exercise of the power hereby conferred on them.

XII. Board resolution for delegation of power to provide securities in connection with loans to or by bodies corporate

The Board delegates, pursuant to section 372A(2) of the Companies Act, 1956, to the Finance Committee of the Board of Directors and to Mr. …………. Managing Director, to be exercised severally, the power to provide securities in connection with loans made, by any persons to any bodies corporate, or to any bodies corporate by any persons, subject to the following conditions, namely

(a) The total amount up to which the Finance Committee or the Managing Director may provide securities shall not exceed Rs. …….;

(b) The securities may be made in connection with loans made for any purpose except any unlawful object or any purpose which will be prejudicial to the business interests of the Company;

(c) Each security shall be given at such commission, not exceeding ……% per annum, as the Finance Committee or the Managing Director may think proper in each individual case;

(d) The security to be provided in the form of property or assets of the Company shall be subject to the prior charges created in favour of the financial institutions and banks and subject to their prior approval;

However, any security provided at any time during any financial year to any body corporate, together with loans, guarantees and securities covered by section 372A of the Companies Act (except those investments, loans, guarantees and securities which are exempted under section 372A) must not exceed 60% of the paid up share capital and free reserves of the Company or 100% of free reserves of the Company, whichever is higher, computed pursuant to the latest audited balance sheet of the Company;

The Board also authorizes the Finance Committee or the Managing Director may nominate as Authorised Signatory, such officer/s of the Company as the Committee or the Managing Director may deem fit, for the purpose of signing any documents as may be required to be executed on behalf of the Company, in connection with any security provided in exercise of the power hereby conferred on them.

XIII. Special resolution for giving a guarantee in connection with a loan by or to a body corporate

The Company authorizes its Board of Directors to give a guarantee of Rs. …… in connection with a loan made by …… [name of lender] …… to …… [name of body corporate] …… on the following terms and conditions, namely

...........................................

...........................................

...........................................

XIV. Special resolution for providing a security in connection with a loan by or to a body corporate

The Company authorizes its Board of Directors to provide a security of Rs. …….. in connection with a loan made by ……. [name of lender] …… to ……. [name of body corporate] …… on the following terms and conditions, namely

...........................................

...........................................

...........................................

XV. Special resolution for investment in securities of a body corporate

The Company authorises its Board of Directors to invest in the ……. [name of securities] ……. of ….. [name of body corporate] …… such sum, not exceeding Rs. ….., and at such price not exceeding Rs. ….., as the Board of Directors may think fit.

XVI. Special resolution to be passed by postal ballot by a listed company

……. Limited

Regd Office: …………

Dear Member,

POSTAL BALLOT

Notice pursuant to Section 192A(2) of the Companies Act, 1956

The Company proposes the following resolution for approval by its members by Postal Ballot in accordance with Section 192A of the Companies Act, 1956 (the Act) and rules made under the Act, seeking approval of its members in terms of Section 372A of the Act.

According to Section 372A of the Act, the making of inter corporate loans to bodies corporate, giving guarantee or providing security in connection with a loan and investments in bonds and/or debentures and/or in other securities beyond the prescribed percentages require the approval of the Members of the Company by way of a Special Resolution. The Company is, therefore, seeking your consent for such a proposal as contained in the resolution set out below.

An Explanatory Statement setting out all the material facts and the reasons requiring the resolution is annexed to this notice as required by section 192A(2) and 173(2) of the Act. A postal ballot form is enclosed for your consent.

The company has appointed …….. as a scrutinizer to conduct the postal ballot in a fair and transparent manner.

Please read the instructions printed in the postal ballot form and return the duly completed form in the attached self addressed postage prepaid envelope to the scrutinizer at the registered office of the company on or before the close of working hours of 21 September, 2006.



The scrutinizer will submit his report to the chairman of the Company’s board of directors. After the scrutinizer completes his scrutiny, he will announce the result of the postal ballot at the registered office of the company on Wednesday, 28 September, 2006 at .................. a.m./p.m.

To consider and if thought fit, to pass, the following resolution as a Special Resolution:

“In accordance with the provisions of Section 372A and other applicable provisions, if any, of the Companies Act, 1956, (the "Act") and also subject to the requisite permission(s)/consent(s) of appropriate authorities, where required

(a) the Company gives its consent to the Board of Directors of the Company and/or a duly authorised Committee of the Board for the time being exercising the powers conferred by the Board of Directors ("the Board") to make a loan to a body corporate, to give a guarantee or provide security in connection with a loan and to acquire by way of subscription, purchase or otherwise, the securities of bodies corporate, namely, ….. Limited, …….. Limited, ……… Limited, ……. Limited, ……. Limited and …….. Limited, on such terms and conditions as the Board may deem fit;

(b) The overall limit for the loans, investments, guarantees and securities to be made/given by the Board shall be 300% of the aggregate of the Company's paid up capital and free reserves or 500% of its free reserves, whichever is more, regardless that the aggregate of the loans, guarantees, securities and investments in any body/bodies corporate may exceed the percentages prescribed under section 372A of the Act;

(c) the Board be and is authorised to determine the manner and amount which it shall make as loan to the aforesaid bodies corporate, give as guarantee or provide as security, in connection with a loan and invest in the securities of the aforesaid bodies corporate within the above mentioned limits;

(d) the Board is also authorised to delegate all or any of the above powers to the Committee of Directors or the Managing/Whole-time Director or the Principal Officer of the Company and generally to do all such acts, deeds, matters and things that may be necessary, proper, expedient, or incidental for the purpose of giving effect to this resolution."

By Order of the Board

Registered Office:………..

Explanatory Statement setting out all the material facts and the reasons necessitating the Resolution (Pursuant to section 192A(2) and

section 173(2) of the Companies Act 1956)

In accordance with the provisions of Section 372A of the Companies Act, 1956 (the Act), a company cannot make any loan to body corporate and give any guarantee or provide security, in connection with a loan and invest in securities of any body corporate in excess of the percentages (i.e., 60% of its paid up share capital and free reserves or 100% of its free reserves, whichever is more) prescribed therein, unless previously authorised by a special resolution of the members in a general meeting.

At the 14th annual general meeting of the members of the Company held on ……., the limits were enhanced beyond the prescribed percentages to three hundred percent of the aggregate of the paid up share capital and free reserves of the Company or five hundred percent of its free reserves, whichever is more.

It is proposed to amend the list of bodies corporate in which it is proposed to profitably deploy/invest the surplus funds arising out of internal accruals of the Company as inter corporate loans, give guarantees or provide securities, in connection with the loan and investments in bonds and/or in debentures and/or in other securities of bodies corporate.

The bodies corporate proposed are: ………….

Since the above proposal requires consent of the members by a special resolution passed by postal ballot, the Company seeks your approval under section 192A of the Act read with the Companies (Passing of Resolution by Postal Ballot) Rules, 2001, to a special resolution to be passed by means of voting by postal ballot as set out in the notice.

This is an enabling resolution conferring authority on the Board for making the said inter corporate loans, guarantees/securities and/or investments as set out in the resolution.

We request you to communicate your assent or dissent in writing in the enclosed Postal Ballot Form in accordance with the instructions set out in it.

Your Directors recommend the special resolution as set out in the notice for your approval.

None of the Directors is, in any way, concerned or interested in the proposed special resolution except to the extent of shares held by them in the Company.

By Order of the Board



________________________________________

[1]

Inserted by the Companies (Amendment) Act, 1999, w.r.e.f. 31-10-1998.

[2]

Notification No. GSR 309, dated 20 February, 1978 issued under section 620.

[3]

Circular No. 1/6/88- CL-V, dated 28 April, 1989.

[4]

DCA Circular No. 8/99, dated 4 June, 1999.

• 1 The Department of Company Affairs' had issued a Clarification in Company News and Notes, dated 16 January, 1965, that the investments made by a company in the units issued by UTI did not attract the provisions of section 372. But that was due to the fact that section 372 applied only to shares and not to securities.

[6]

DCA Circular No. 8(31)-CL-VI, dated 12 December, 1962.

[7]

Clarification in Company News & Notes, July 1963.

[8]

DCA Circular F. No. 8/2 CL VI/61, dated 23-2-1961.

[9]

DCA Clarification in Company News & Notes, 1 July, 1963.

[10]

DCA Clarification in the Fourth Annual Report for the year ended 31 March, 1960.

[11]

Assistant Registrar v Kothari (H C) (1992) 75 Comp Cas 688 (Mad): (1993) 10 CLA 80 (Mad).

[12]

DCA Circular No. 13/98/CL-VI/67, dated 24 February, 1971.

[13]

Circular No. 8(36)-CL-VI/66, dated 10 May, 1967.

[14]

Notification No. GSR 990 dated 9 August, 1975.

[15]

Circular No. 1/6/88- CL-V, dated 28 April, 1989.

[16]

Nem. diss. (nemine dissentiente) meaning no one dissenting; unanimously. Section 372A(2).

[17]

See Venkateshwar Rao v Government of Andhra Pradesh AIR 1966 SC 828; CIT v Shahzada Nand & Sons AIR 1966 SC 1342: (1966) 60 ITR 392 (SC); State of Gujarat v Patel Ramjibhai Danabhai AIR 1979 SC 1098; State of Bihar v Yogendra Singh AIR 1982 SC 882; Maharashtra State Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education v Paritosh Bhupesh Kumar Sheth AIR 1984 SC 1543: (1984) 4 SCC 27.

[18]

Venkatramana Devaru v State of Mysore AIR 1958 SC 255.

[19]

See Principles of Statutory Interpretation by Justice G P Singh, 4th edn., at p. 84.

[20]

See Calcutta Gas Co. v State of West Bengal AIR 1962 SC 1044 and J K Cotton Spg. & Wvg. Mills Co Ltd v State of Uttar Pradesh AIR 1961 SC 1170.

[21]

CIT v Shahzada Nand & Sons AIR 1966 SC 1342: (1966) 60 ITR 392 (SC).

[22]

Fifth Annual Report on the Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956 Year ended 31 March, 1962.

[23]

Circular No. 13/98/Cl. VI/67, dated 24 February, 1971.

[24]

Letter No. 13(105)-CL VI/67, dated 12 November, 1968.

[25]

Thirteenth Annual Report on the Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956 Year ended 31 March, 1960.

[26]

Circular No. 9 of 1976, dated 19 May, 1976.

[27]

Circular No. 18 of 1973, dated 17 July, 1973.

[28]

Fourth Annual Report on the Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956 Year ended 31 March, 1960.

[29]

Circular No. 48(50)-CL IV/61, dated 12 February, 1962.

[30]

Circular F. No. 8/2/CL VI/61, dated 23 February, 1961.

[31]

Company News and Notes, dated 1 July, 1963.

[32]

Company News and Notes, dated 1 July, 1963.

[33]

Letter No. 8/2/CL VI/61, dated 4 October, 1961.

[34]

Circular F. No. 8/2/CL VI/61.

[35]

Circular Letter No. 2/8/64-PR, dated 23 March, 1964.

[36]

No. 8(36)-CL-VI/66, dated 10 May, 1967.

[37]

Circular No. 7(41)-CL/VI/66, dated 1 May, 1967.

[38]

Extract from communication No. 13/98/CL-VI.67, dated the 24th February, 1971.

[39]

Seventh Annual Report on the Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956 Year ended 31 March, 1964.

[40]

Company News and Notes, dated 16 January, 1965.

[41]

Circular F. No. 8/60/CL-VI/67.

[42]

Circular No. 8/64/73-CL VI, dated 16 February, 1974.

[43]

Circular No. 8(31)-CL-VI, dated 12 December, 1962.

[44]

Letter No. 21/17/64-PR, dated 29 June, 1964.

[45]

Extracts from the minutes of a meeting of the Company Law Sub-committee, BCCI with Secretary, Department of Company Affairs held on 20 June, 1976.

[46]

Extract from the Third Annual Report on Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956, for the year ended 31 March, 1959.

[47]

Extract from the Fourth Annual Report on Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956, for the year ended 31 March, 1960.

[48]

Extract from the Fifth Annual Report on Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956, for the year ended 31 March, 1961.

[49]

Extract from the Seventh Annual Report on Working and Administration of the Companies Act, 1956, for the year ended 31 March, 1963.

[50]

Ibid.

[51]

Circular No. 8 of 1999, dated June 4, 1999.













Section 372A: Inter-corporate loans and investments –



Board parameters for compliance with section 372A

– Companies should refrain from passing a resolution for investment much beyond net worth

– Companies should indicate in explanatory statement the specific securities in which it is proposed to invest.

[Circular No. 8 of 1999, dated June 4, 1999]



inter-corporate investments inter-corporate loans inter-corporate guarantees and securities

company make any investment in any securities

investment was ‘securities’ as defined in section 2(45AA) of the Companies Act

investee entity was a ‘body corporate’ section 2(7)

investment was not one of the exempted categories sub-section (8)(a) or (b)?

company give any loan to any person

the borrowing entity was a ‘body corporate’ section 2(7)

loan was not one of the exempted categories sub-section (8)(a) or (b)?

company give any guarantee/security in connection with a loan given

by any person to any body corporate; or

to any person by any body corporate



the borrowing/lending entity was a ‘body corporate’

the guarantee/security was not one of the exempted categories



total amount of the investment (face value plus premium the purchase price or cost) together with the then existing inter-corporate investments, loans, guarantees and securities not in excess of

60% the aggregate of the paid-up share capital and free reserves; or

100% free reserves of the company,

as per the latest audited Balance Sheet? total amount of the loan



-do- total amount of the guarantee/security

-do-

Board of Directors approve the investment by its unanimous resolution

approved by the company at a general meeting by special resolution investment was in excess of either of the two limits -do- -do-

obtain prior approval of the public financial institution/s referred to in section 4A from which the company had borrowed any money and any amount is outstanding -do- -do-

Filing of e-form no. 23 Filing of e-form no. 23 -do-



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